Genetic engineering – construction of a network of four dimensions with a chaotic attractor

. Systems of ordinary differential equations (ODE) of special form are considered in this paper. These systems appear in various models of genetic regulatory networks and telecommunication networks. The model of a genetic network with a chaotic attractor of dimension four is constructed. Geometrical considerations are used to study the properties of the systems. Computation of Lyapunov exponents is used to prove the existence of chaotic attractors. Problems of control and management of such regulatory systems are challenging issues in the theory of genetic networks.


Introduction
In 1944 DNA was discovered as a universal genetic material. After ten years, its molecular structure studied. Thus began the era of DNA science and technology [1]. The term genetic engineering appeared at the turn of the 70s of the twentieth century. Genetic engineering is not a separate science. It is a large and constantly developing scientific and technological platform. It has absorbed the most valuable from genetics, biochemistry, chemical engineering, molecular and cellular biology, microbiology, and virology.
We wish to describe the transformation and the construction, not the DNA itself, but combinations of genes, expressing proteins and forming the genetic regulatory network (GRN in short). GRN is being explored in biochemistry, neurobiology, ecology, and engineering. Gene regulatory networks are mathematical and computational models describing the logic underlying the regulatory occurrences among genes while a specific cell program is operating [2]. GRN is a group of genes coordinated the functioning of which ensures the formation of a certain phenotypic sign of an organism. One of the methods to describe the GRN is to use a system of nonlinear differential equations. We consider the system of nonlinear differential equations, where in focus is chaos and a chaotic attractor. The study of the concept of chaos is very relevant in our time because with the help of this concept many phenomena in various fields of science and everyday life are explained. Deterministic chaos combines determinism and randomness, limited predictability and unpredictability, and manifests itself in different phenomena such as the kinetics of chemical reactions, the turbulence of liquid and gas, geophysical, in particular, weather changes, physiological reactions of the body, population dynamics and epidemics. Computer visualization of chaotic attractors reveals them complexity and unusual configurations in three-dimensional space.
Consider the general form of writing the n-dimensional dynamical system that models a genetic regulatory network: where > 0, and > 0 are parameters, and are elements of the × regulatory matrix . The parameters of the GRN have the following biological interpretations: -the rate of degradation of the -th gene expression product; -the connection weight or strength of control of gene on gene . Positive values of indicate activating influences while negative values define repressing influences; -the influence of external input on gene , which modulates the gene's sensitivity of response to activating or repressing influences [3,4]. The rate of increase in the expression level is given by the sigmoidal logistic function = [5].

Four dimensional systems
The four-dimensional system of the form Eq. (1) is defined, if all the parameters are given. Let The coefficients are elements of the so called regulatory matrix and behavior of solutions heavily depends on it.
Consider the system Eq. (1) with the regulatory matrix: This system consists of two independent two-dimensional systems. There is exactly one critical point. The standard linearization analysis provides the characteristic numbers , = 0.2469±4.9875i; , = 3.4667±4.9215i.
Change now two elements at the right upper and left lower corners. Let = 0.1 and values are listed in Table 1. In the article for Lyapunov exponents calculation the package 'lce.m for Mathematica' was used [6]. Another Wolfram Mathematica program 'Lynch-DSAM.nb' was also used to check the correctness of Lyapunov exponents calculation [7].

Conclusions
Various fields of science, including biology, need mathematical models that offer a convenient analysis of dynamic processes in GRN and their collective behavior to understand, predict and control regulatory mechanisms. That is why modeling genetic networks is a necessary part of our investigation. Mathematical models are needed to suppress tumors since it is important to understand how the system behaves and behavior changes. The same system with different parameters can have periodic or chaotic solutions. A stable fixed point is also possible. In this article, a stable point is not considered since this is the simplest state of the system. We are interested in a chaotic and periodic solution for the therapy of various diseases such as blood cancer. Attractors of dynamical systems describe the future states of GRN. Attractors of highdimensional systems can be of different structures: periodic or chaotic attractors.