Material Science, Engineering and Applications: Table of Contents

Lyapunov approach and global stability of Ebola virus infection model of an individual cells population

Lasisi, Nurudeen Oluwasola — 2021-06-21T00:00:00Z

Material Science, Engineering and Applications, Vol. 1, Issue 1, 2021, p. 2-10.
Nurudeen Oluwasola Lasisi
Ebola virus is among the most dangerous and devastating threats to human health, causing a large number of fatalities. In this paper, a mathematical modelling for the dynamics of Ebola virus infectious of an individual is presented as a system of nonlinear differential equations. The model has two equilibrium states namely, virus free equilibrium (VFE) and virus persistence equilibrium (VPE) states. The Effective reproduction number was obtained. The conditions under which the virus-free-equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable with the approach of linear Lyapunov function are shown when the effective reproduction numbers is less than unity. The nonlinear Lyapunov approach is employed to show the global stability of the endemic equilibrium only when the effective reproduction number is greater than unity. It was found that VFE is globally asymptotically stable if effective reproduction numbers is less than unity and VPE is globally asymptotically stable if MN.

Editor’s Letter

2021-06-30T00:00:00Z

Material Science, Engineering and Applications, Vol. 1, Issue 1, 2021, p. 1-1.

Characterization of Al2O3 reinforced Al 6061 metal matrix composite

Bhat, Avinash — 2021-06-30T00:00:00Z

Material Science, Engineering and Applications, Vol. 1, Issue 1, 2021, p. 11-20.
Avinash Bhat, Ganesh Kakandikar, Abhijeet Deshpande, Atul Kulkarni, Dinesh Thakur
Composites are a class of materials that give the desired individual tribological and mechanical characteristics. In composite materials, more than two materials are combined to provide a unique combination of properties. This article describes the tribological and mechanical properties of Al6061 reinforced with Al2O3, found experimentally. This article describes the preparation of Al6061 composites with 5 % Al2O3 (size 50 microns) by stir casting process. The hardness of Al6061 with and without amplification was found out with the help of Rockwell hardness tester for 10 seconds at a load of 100 kg. It was found that the hardness of Al2O3 reinforced Al6061 increases compared to unreinforced Al6061. The characteristics related to wear of Al6061 and the new composite material Al6061+Al2O3 were studied. The “pin on disk” method was used with the variation of load varying from 5N-200N and a speed range of 200-1500. An analysis of the sensitivity of key parameters such as load and speed is also described. The results show that the newly developed composite material has a lesser specific rate of wear.

Comparative analysis of Al-SiC metal matrix composite and Al 7075 T651 alloy in the construction of CubeSat frame

S, Rajarajan — 2021-08-06T00:00:00Z

Material Science, Engineering and Applications, Vol. 1, Issue 2, 2021, p. 43-54.
Rajarajan S
CubeSat is one of the trending technologies in the developed and developing countries across the globe. Various materials are used in the manufacturing of a CubeSat’s subsystems. Structural subsystem is an essential one for a CubeSat’s mission as it bears all the components, payload, and withstand space environment. Usually, aluminium alloys are used in the construction of outer structural frame. In this paper, Al-SiC metal matrix composite is analysed and compared with the conventional Al 7075 T651 alloy. Simulation is done with the help of ANSYS 19.2 software. A series of Static structural, Modal, and Transient thermal analysis is carried out on both materials. Al7075 T651 performed better in most cases. But also, Al-SiC showed good results in specific cases like lesser deformation, modal analysis at higher vibrations. Al-SiC could be combined with the existing aluminium alloys in the manufacturing of CubeSat’s structural frame for a better and efficient output in a specific environment.

Design and development of patient-specific prosthetic socket for lower limb amputation

Gubbala, Giri Ratnakar — 2021-08-25T00:00:00Z

Material Science, Engineering and Applications, Vol. 1, Issue 2, 2021, p. 32-42.
Giri Ratnakar Gubbala, Ramu Inala
The work aims to design and development of a prosthetic socket for lower limb amputation with 3D printing technology for a patient. It is focused on the finite element-based simulation and analysis by utilizing CT based three-dimensional (3D) model. In this study, image processing software is used for extracting models from CT images and obtained models are modified in CAD modeling software in STL format. These files are examined in ANSYS simulation to performing the static and dynamic analysis of the prosthetic stump and socket. Based on the simulation results, the model is to prepare with the 3D printer. The results from the 3D model simulation can be used to estimate the pressure distribution. The function of the below-knee prosthesis is to control the leg under static and dynamic conditions. The prosthetic sockets evolution and prefabrication by using finite element approach very interesting topic in this research work for the fabricators. Finally, it helps contribute to an overall prefabrication evaluation system to allow healthcare providers. The patients are comfortable with the transtibial prosthetics made of 3D printers with the simulation process to fit.

Optimization of friction stir processing parameters for enhanced microhardness of AA5083/Al-Fe in-situ composites via Taguchi technique

Jain, Vivek Kumar — 2021-09-07T00:00:00Z

Material Science, Engineering and Applications, Vol. 1, Issue 2, 2021, p. 55-61.
Vivek Kumar Jain, Manoj Kumar Yadav, Arshad Noor Siddiquee, Zahid A. Khan
Friction stir processing (FSP) is a novel technique to fabricate metal matrix composites (MMCs) and surface composites (SCs). In the present study, Taguchi’s technique is used for attaining the optimum value of microhardness for AA5083/Al-Fe in-situ surface composites (SCs) via FSP using 40 hours mechanical alloyed Fe-40wt% Al powder mixture. Three different process parameters i.e. tool shoulder diameter, tool rotational speed, and tool traverse speed each having three levels were selected for optimizing the microhardness of SCs. The experimental study was accomplished by employing Taguchi's L9 orthogonal array. The Microhardness of the fabricated composites was confirmed using Vickers tester after the single-pass FSP. The outcomes of the study were examined and studied using signal to noise (S/N) ratio. The analysis also confirms the results and displayed that the optimum value of microhardness of 123.3 Hv was obtained with the selected parameter of tool shoulder diameter of 21 mm, tool rotational speed of 900 rpm, and traverse speed of 63 mm/min.

Failure analysis of gas pipeline in a gas collecting station

Chen, Yong — 2021-12-23T00:00:00Z

Material Science, Engineering and Applications, Vol. 1, Issue 2, 2021, p. 62-69.
Yong Chen, Haochen Wu, Jichuan Li, Yanjun Chen
The gas collecting line of a gas collecting station failed and had obvious corrosion pits. The failure reasons of the pipeline in this section are studied by means of macroscopic morphology analysis, mechanical property analysis, hardness analysis and microstructure analysis. The results show that the main reason is the mechanical damage caused in the construction process for the damage of the anticorrosive coating on the outer surface of the pipe section. The main reason for the failure of “corrosion pit” inside the pipe section is that the wet gas transported contains CO2, which dissolves in water to generate H2CO3, and the pipe section is corroded in H2CO3 solution by electrochemical corrosion, which gradually develops into a more serious corrosion pit. In order to prevent the occurrence of such failure, 13Cr (martensite) material can be used to meet the corrosion resistance requirements, but also can appropriately increase the gas temperature in the tube to reduce the solubility of CO2 in water to prevent corrosion.

The role of mechanical testing in additive manufacturing: review

Agarwal, Venkesh — 2021-12-29T00:00:00Z

Material Science, Engineering and Applications, Vol. 1, Issue 2, 2021, p. 21-31.
Venkesh Agarwal, Samidha Jawade, Sagar Atre, Omkar Kulkarni
Additive Manufacturing has become a new era of manufacturing technology that goes beyond traditional subtractive manufacturing. It is based on layer-by-layer material deposition technology. Additive manufacturing technology is widely used due to its various advantages such as accurate production in a short time, required product design and complexity, easy operation, rapid prototyping, etc. It is widely used in automobile industry, oil and electric power industry, aerospace industry, biomedical applications and many more. Mechanical testing plays an important role in understanding the complex relationships between basic process parameters, defects, and the final product of the AM process. Mechanical testing such as tensile testing, fatigue testing, torsion testing, hardness and impact tests etc. are crucial to determine various performance parameters of the component of product. Owing to increasing applications of additive manufacturing in various fields it is important to analyse the components produced for their mechanical performance and hence mechanical testing plays a very important role in additive manufacturing. This paper aims to review the various mechanical testing performed in the area of additive manufacture and available published data on the mechanical properties of additively manufactured components. This paper on AM processes discusses the mechanical properties of materials and current research.

A study of numerical simulation on extreme flexural stress of ice plate

Xie, Qi — 2022-06-30T00:00:00Z

Material Science, Engineering and Applications, Vol. 2, Issue 1, 2022, p. 9-14.
Qi Xie
Ice plate is general construction component in the cold region and the flexural stress governs its failure pattern. As per the stress equations which were proposed by Westgaard and Masterson, they explained the generic empirical methods to evaluate the extreme and effective flexural stress of ice plate. Based on these equations, most of consequent experiments and simulations referred them directly. Despite of this, there are not any demonstrations about the limitations of these equations by numerical modeling, therefore, it is possible to find the differences between the simulation values and theoretical calculation values by the deployment of numerical simulations from ‘Finite Element Analysis’ perspective, and based on these comparisons, author proposed some assumptions about the limitations of these equations. In the meantime, the simulation process can enhance the understanding of the applications of these equations.

Numerical modeling of the stress-strain state of the ice beam by specified constitutive model

Xie, Qi — 2022-06-30T00:00:00Z

Material Science, Engineering and Applications, Vol. 2, Issue 1, 2022, p. 1-8.
Qi Xie
Ice cantilever beam is a generic construction component in cold region, referring recent decade research, many reports demonstrated ice mechanic characteristics separately, however, in most previous numerical simulations of ice material are based on the ‘Coulomb-Mohr’ constitutive models. In this article, author also used another ‘user defined constitutive model’ (‘Exponent’ temporary name), which is governed by “nonlinear isotropic harden power law” to simulate the ice cantilever beam mechanic behaviors. As per these numerical results, author made a few comparisons between ‘Coulomb-Mohr’ and ‘user defined’ model, all these compared results contain stress, strain, deformation items in elastic and plastic states respectively, in the meantime, author established series charts, such as ‘stress distributions on failure surface’, ‘dependance of loads with deformations’, ‘dependency of loads and flexural stress with equivalent and plastic strain’, etc., to prove the availability of ‘user defined’ constitutive model. Besides, author proposed some parameter assumptions for further research.

Construction method of strengthening shear walls using prestressed steel bars for a high-rise building

Cheng, Heping — 2022-06-30T00:00:00Z

Material Science, Engineering and Applications, Vol. 2, Issue 1, 2022, p. 25-35.
Heping Cheng, Wenchi Yao
2. In the shear wall reinforcement of a high-rise residence in Changzhou, China, the prestressed steel bar reinforcement method is innovatively used. This paper focuses on the reinforcement principle and construction method of the prestressed steel bar method for strengthening the shear wall. During the construction, combined with the engineering quality problems, the prestressed steel bar method is used to strengthen the shear wall. This method avoids the reduction of the use area caused by the increasing section reinforcement method and the stress lag caused by the replacement method, does not change the structural stiffness and the shape of structural members, and shortens the construction period. After monitoring by the monitoring unit, the reinforcement method has good effect. This study also passed the acceptance of the science and technology plan project of the Ministry of construction, and formed a complete set of construction method of prestressed steel bar strengthening shear wall. The effective implementation of this method can provide technical reference for the reinforcement construction of similar projects.

Experimental study on influencing factors of anchorage performance of concrete bonded rebars

Wang, Qichao — 2022-06-30T00:00:00Z

Material Science, Engineering and Applications, Vol. 2, Issue 1, 2022, p. 15-24.
Qichao Wang, Yingli Liu, Ziang Han
Hilti re-100 structural adhesive is used to plant reinforcement in concrete, and the factors affecting the anchorage performance of planted reinforcement are analyzed. The Planting reinforcement of the concrete specimen and the specimen with reinforcement anchored in concrete in advance are compared. A total of 36 groups of tests were carried out, including 27 groups of embedded reinforcement tests and 9 groups of embedded reinforcement tests. The test mainly analyzes the influence of concrete strength, reinforcement diameter and planting depth on the anchorage performance of planting reinforcement. There are three failure modes in the test, which are the separation failure of reinforcement and structural adhesive, the tensile failure of reinforcement and the separation failure of reinforcement and concrete. Through the analysis of the test data, the bond slip data curve is obtained.

The application of seismic parameters conversion among different structure design codes

Xie, Qi — 2022-08-17T00:00:00Z

Material Science, Engineering and Applications, Vol. 2, Issue 2, 2022, p. 49-55.
Qi Xie
The main goal for structure engineer is to do safety design and make sure structures can resist seismic forces by adopting proper construction materials and structure systems. The seismic design parameters are the key factors to control the structure seismic design procedures and results. These parameters covered several items, such as seismic spectral response acceleration in 1 second (S1) and short period (SS), site classification(A~E), sites importance (Ie,), strong motion files with their pseudo-acceleration and displacement, etc. Around these parameters, different countries and regions also issued the domestic design principles correspondence. For international projects, no matter which area or country projects located in, every structure engineer should take more care about the proper seismic parameters to deploy seismic design, and the issues of seismic parameter conversion among various codes appeared a few decades ago. In this article, author focused on multiple stories hotel (RC) structure design with GB and ASCE seismic parameters controlling, demonstrate the difference of structure design principles between GB and ASCE, and applied specified seismic parameters conversion method, then deploy structure analysis based on these parameters, got series structure analysis results. In the end, author provided a few practical advice about developing strategies and decisions from consultant view. These conclusions not only can benefit developers, also strengthen the support from consultant agency, besides, the parameter screen procedures enhanced the structure designer’s driving ability on various structures which locate in different regions and countries.

Corrosion behavior of Graphene reinforced Al-12Si coated 7075 Aluminium alloy

Achutarao, Bharatish — 2022-08-23T00:00:00Z

Material Science, Engineering and Applications, Vol. 2, Issue 2, 2022, p. 36-48.
Bharatish Achutarao, Indira Roy, H. N. Narasimha Murthy, Srilatha Rao, Karthik Shastry
This paper aims at investigating the effect of graphene reinforced Al-Si coatings on the corrosion behavior of AA7075 aluminium alloy. Al - 12Si alloy powder reinforced with 0.5 and 1 wt.% graphene was plasma sprayed on AA7075 substrate. Potentiodynamic polarization measurements were performed using CHI660E-CH electrochemical workstation. It was observed that 0.5 wt.% graphene reinforced Al-Si coating enhanced the corrosion potential from –0.893 to –0.761 V and reduced the corrosion current density from 1.3×10-4 to 9.78×10-6 A/m2. The atmospheric galvanic corrosion was simulated using COMSOL Multiphysics finite element package. It was observed that AA7075 aluminium electrode potential with respect to AISI 4340 steel increased from –0.76 to –0.59 V. The least average current density of 0.95 A/m2 was observed at 95 % relative humidity and 0.0035 kg/m2 salt load density indicating the minimum corrosion rate for 0.5 wt.% graphene reinforced Al-Si coated AA7075 substrate. The simulation also confirmed that 0.5 wt.% graphene reinforcement in Al-Si coatings enhanced the corrosion behavior of AA7075 when compared with 1 wt.% graphene reinforcement.

Numerical study on bored Pile-Soil interaction by specified constitutive model in coastal engineering (design)

Xie, Qi — 2022-09-27T00:00:00Z

Material Science, Engineering and Applications, Vol. 2, Issue 2, 2022, p. 56-64.
Qi Xie
In Geo-engineering design, Geotech-engineers usually adopt ‘Mohr-Coulomb model (M-C)’ to substitute most soil material, this model is considered as linear elastic and perfectly plastic model, despite, in the coastal engineering, the sand-clay mixed with water, cement, fine aggregate or similar materials are the most common interface medium among soil and pile bodies, the frictions from them have strong affection on piles settlements, due to their complex components and mechanics, never can simulate these interface medium by ‘M-C model’ easily, hereby, the novelty of this article is that author adopt ‘Hardening soil constitutive model (HSs)’ as the interface medium and deployed numerical studies on its application in practical case, the studies included simulating the mechanic behaviors among soil and piles(morphology of deformation), design assumptions based on the analysis of geotechnic report and empirical views, besides compared the pile settlement curves by ‘M-C’ and ‘HSs’ models with the static loads test results, and identified the ‘HSs’ model is a suitable constitutive model for sand-clay mixture soil in this Geo project design. In the end, author proposed a few conclusions about the medium birth mechanism, criteria of model selection and advice for similar engineering reference.

The effect of glass fiber on fresh properties of industrial based geopolymer concrete

Munir, Qaisar — 2023-05-29T00:00:00Z

Material Science, Engineering and Applications, Vol. 3, Issue 1, 2023, p. 1-7.
Qaisar Munir, Timo Kärki
This research study is primarily focused on evaluating the fresh properties of industrial-based 3D printable geopolymer concrete by adding glass wool strings and glass fibers activated by sodium silicate solution with a molar ratio of 2.4-2.6 (31 % SiO2 and 13 % Na2O). The glass wool strings, and recycled glass fiber are added to industrial-based geopolymer concrete at a dosage of 1 % to 5 % by volume of the concrete. The fresh concrete properties such as open time, setting time and shape stability of industrial-based geopolymer concrete (GPC) with glass wool and glass fibers were compared with those of industrial-based GPC without glass wool strings and glass fibers. The results show that the addition of glass wool increases the setting time of the concrete mix at room temperature. The deformation of the specimens at room temperature decreased by 39 %. The addition of glass fiber in geopolymers also increases the stiffness by 74 % compared to GPC without glass fiber.

Thermal performance investigation of porous fins with convection and radiation under the influence of magnetic field using optimal homotopy asymptotic method

Sobamowo, M. G. — 2023-11-17T00:00:00Z

Material Science, Engineering and Applications, Vol. 3, Issue 2, 2023, p. 8-20.
M. G. Sobamowo, H. Berrehal, A. B. Ajayi, O. K. Onanuga, R. O. Fawumi
A study on enhancement of heat transfer in thermal systems by convective-radiative porous fin with temperature-invariant thermal conductivity is presented in this paper using optimal homotopy asymptotic method. The efficacy of the method is displayed through the verification of the results with the previous studies. Also, significance of various parameters of the nonlinear model on the heat transfer enhancement of thermal systems using the solutions presented by the method are discussed. The graphical representation of the thermal behaviour of the extended surfaces is presented for pictorial discussion. The results illustrate that the augmentations of the conductive-radiative, conductive-convective, porosity and magnetic field cause the extended surface temperature to reduce as a result of increased rate of heat flow via the passive device. The graphical illustrations show that the efficiency and effectiveness of the fin is high at low values of the radiative-conductive, convective-conductive, porosity and magnetic field parameters. This study will assist in proper thermal analysis of fins for effective thermal managements of engineering systems.

Modelling and optimization of the effect of rice husk ash on the California bearing ratio of Agbani soil using Scheffe’s method

Diugwu, Chijioke Ambrose — 2024-12-31T00:00:00Z

Material Science, Engineering and Applications, Vol. 4, Issue 1, 2024, p. 1-15.
Chijioke Ambrose Diugwu, Charles Chinwuba Ike
Optimizing engineering processes for effective time and cost considerations especially in the field of geotechnical engineering which involves time-consuming laboratory processes and procedures. This study aims at developing predictive models for computing the mechanical property of the soil. In this study, the property of the soil of keen interest was the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) for soaked condition. The CBR of the natural soil was computed and found to be 70.14 %. The optimization technique was carried out effectively using Scheffe’s second-degree polynomials and the optimal mix ratio was observed to be 1:0.75:0.17 for soil, rice husk and water with an optimal Soaked CBR value of 80 % corresponding to the Y3 response space. The model generated for predicting the CBR of the soil treated with rice husk ash is given as; CBRsoaked=75K1+77K2+80K3-24K1K2-2K1K3-2K2K3. Validation using the F-test method gave the F-stat value as 4.34 with a corresponding F-critical value of 5.05. The result from the F-test was found adequate at a confidence level of 95 %. The validation results further showed that in all, there was no significant difference between the model results and the experimental results. Therefore, the model is adequate and the null hypothesis was adopted.

Reliability and structural integrity evaluation of rotating machinery: a case study on turbo-compressors with ANSYS workbench

Hasanlu, Mojtaba — 2025-05-06T00:00:00Z

Material Science, Engineering and Applications, Vol. 5, Issue 1, 2025, p. 1-18.
Mojtaba Hasanlu
Testbeds are essential structures in industrial labs for conducting machine testing, where the geometry and material properties play a critical role. These tests often use rotating equipment, such as turbines and turbo-compressors (TC). In order to achieve the best possible conditions, testbeds are created using ANSYS Workbench, which incorporates four mechanical procedures: modal, static, harmonic, and transient analyses. Simulations are used to reproduce attributes such as natural frequency, safety factor, and the highest and lowest levels of mechanical stress. This paper describes a quick way to check if the structure of a turbo-compressor is vibrated, by looking at things like its natural frequency, safety factor, and maximum mechanical stress. This study covers unknown factors and uncertainties by analyzing the operational states of the compressor. To achieve this, a reliability structure model and engineering methods like modal analysis for controlling vibrations, structural analysis to ensure the rotor rotates steadily, transient structural analysis to determine the appropriate startup conditions, and harmonic response analysis to determine how speeds change over time, are used to prevent to natural frequencies from interacting with operational frequencies, finally, transient analysis demonstrates initial shock and vibrations that result maximum stress.

Data analytics-based model for optimizing cationic retarder and acetic acid in polyacrylic yarn dyeing

Abdullah, Fadil — 2025-06-02T00:00:00Z

Material Science, Engineering and Applications, Vol. 5, Issue 1, 2025, p. 19-30.
Fadil Abdullah, Syarif Iskandar, Fandi Achmad, Afriani Kusumadewi, Tina Martina, Kusnawarti
The study aims to develop a model for optimizing the concentration of solution parameters in the dyeing process of polyacrylic yarns. Specifically, the study examines the use of cationic retaiders and acetic acid, which affect the wavelength as an indicator of yarn color aging. By optimizing these parameters, the objective is to improve the color stability and longevity of dyed polyacrylic yarns. The application of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) encompassed two distinct types of data distribution properties: linear and non-linear. The R-squared (R2) value for the non-linear RSM model was 0.96, compared to 0.86 for the linear RSM model. These results indicate that the model formed based on the non-linear RSM offers superior predictive ability in optimizing solution concentration as a parameter in the polyacrylic yarn dyeing process compared to the linear RSM-based model. In addition to providing practical implications for textile practitioners, this study contributes theoretically by emphasizing the effectiveness of statistical methods such as RSM in manufacturing process analysis.

Experimental thermal fatigue crack on brake disc of heavy vehicle

Hasanlu, M. — 2025-06-02T00:00:00Z

Material Science, Engineering and Applications, Vol. 5, Issue 1, 2025, p. 31-50.
M. Hasanlu, F. Shirvani, S. Mahdian
Brake system reliability is critical for the safety and performance of heavy vehicles, including semi-trailers, passenger buses, and industrial transport units. This study investigates the thermal fatigue failure mechanisms in brake discs (BDs), which are subjected to extreme operational conditions. The primary motivation is to enhance brake disc durability and reduce the risk of catastrophic failures by understanding the interplay between material properties, thermal stress, and fatigue resistance. A comprehensive experimental approach was employed, including visual inspections, chemical composition analysis, metallurgical structure examination, hardness testing, and tensile strength evaluation. The study compares brake discs that have undergone extensive service with those in an undamaged state to identify critical degradation patterns. The results indicate that temperature fluctuations and cyclic thermal stresses induce crack formation and propagation, with rough graphite inclusions significantly reducing fatigue strength. Furthermore, deviations in silicon and carbon content were found to impact material integrity, contributing to premature failure. The findings of this research provide actionable insights for optimizing brake disc design, material composition, and manufacturing processes. By modifying graphite distribution, refining alloy compositions, and improving thermal resistance, future brake systems can achieve greater durability and reliability. These advancements will directly enhance braking efficiency, reduce maintenance costs, and improve overall vehicle safety.