Published: 18 September 2015

Pharmacognostic study of Clematidis armandii the determination of index components

Weijie Wu1
Mengmeng Wan2
Yuhong Cao3
Rui Tan4
Liangke Song5
Shaoqing Cai6
1, 2, 3, 4, 5College of life science and Engineering Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
6School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Peking University, Beijing, China
Corresponding Author:
Rui Tan
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Abstract

Objective: to provide definite science bases for its accurate identification and quality control. Methods: comparative identification on the stem, petiole and leaf of the two original plants of Clematidis armandii Caulis was carried out by the classical paraffin technique. Explore the index component for identification of Clematidis armandii Caulis by TLC and establish the quantitative analysis method by HPLC. Results: the rattan stems of Clematidis armandii Caulis, originated from Clematis armandii Franch and Clematis montana Buch.-Ham., are similar. However, they can be differentiated from each other by the structure of vascular bundle. Moreover, the structure of petiole are entirely different. The characteristic spots of beta-sitosterol in Clematidis armandii Caulis from six different places were detected by TLC. HPLC is high accurate, good reproductive, the mass concentration of beta-sitosterol in Clematis armandii Franch. was 189.18-190.27 μg·g-1 and in Clematis montana Buch.-Ham. was 336.90-338.34 μg·g-1. Conclusion: the spots were apparent and effective separated, when we used trichloromethane-ethyl acetate (10:1) for development, 10 % vitriol ethanol to color, and detected under the UV light (365 nm). This could be the TLC identification condition of beta-sitosterol in Clematidis armandii Caulis. Calculated on dry product by HPLC, the beta-sitosterol in Clematidis armandii Caulis could not be less than 0.018 %.

1. Introduction

Clematidis armandii is the dried cane of the Clematis armandii Franch or Clematis montana Buch.-Ham. which are ranunculaceae plants. It has the effect diuresis, used for gonorrhea, edema, upset urine, mouth sores, amenorrhea less milk, damp heat arthralgia syndrome [1]. In the market, Caulis Clematidis armandii has mixed species, it belong to a variety of plants which were often used as a mixture of Clematidis armandii, and it is difficult to identify the similar varieties [2]. In this study, using paraffin section identifies organizational structure of stems, leaves, petioles in the Clematis armandii Franch and Clematis montana Buch.-Ham., and establishing the standard atlas. Using the method of TLC to search index component and establishing the TLC identification with the control herbs. Selecting by the method of HPLC for screening quantitative analysis of the content determination method etc. Finally, providing basis for the improvement of the quality standard for Clematis armandii to better control the quality of drugs.

2. Apparatus and materials

LC-10A high performance liquid chromatography (Shimadzu), LC-10A pump, DGμ-12A online degasser, SPD-10A detector, SIL-10A autosampler, CTO-10A column oven, CLASS-VP5. 03 liquid chromatography workstation.

TC-C18 chromatographic column (Agilent, 4.6 m×250 mm, 5 μm). KQ5200DE CNC ultrasonic cleaner; hundred thousandth electronic analytical balance (BS100S), OLYMPUS BX51 microscope system of digital integration (Image-Pro Plus 6.0 Chinese version control software).

Beta-sitosterol Reference substance (Chinese Academy of Food and Drug Testing, Lot: 110851-201, 206), methanol (chromatographically pure, American Tedia company), silica gel G (chemically pure, Qingdao waves silicone dryer plant). Herbs were collected from six different origins (see Table 1), which were identified by Song Liang Ke. In addition, the five batches of Clematidis armandii Caulis were purchased from Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Beichuan County, Zhaotong in Yunnan and Sichuan thousand square Chinese Herbal Medicine Co, Ltd.

Table 1The message of Clematidis armandii Caulis

The samples
No.
Habitat
Collecting time
Clematis armandii Franch
1
Gaoqiao, Emei, Sichuan
2013-4-25
2
Gaomiao, Hongya, Sichuan
2013-4-20
3
Xiaxi, Mabian, Sichuan
2013-5-9
Clematis montana Buch.-Ham.
4
Leidongping, Emei, Sichuan
2013-4-27
5
Sanhekou, Mabian, Sichuan
2013-5-30
6
Longchi, Emei, Sichuan
2013-5-25

3. Methods and results

3.1. Microscopic identification

1) The structure of the stem.

Clematis armandii Franch: a list of pericytes, round, the outermost layer of the cortex is almost square, arranged closely, and have no cell gap. The inner parenchyma cells the cortex are irregular round, and have cell gap. There are two sclerenchyma rings in the phloem, and more from the outer layer of thick-walled cells 6-9, was not continuous cap structure; continuous arcuate inner mostly composed of 1-2 layers of thick-walled cells box. Xylem wide, large ducts, wood fibers, wood parenchyma cells were wood of rings is not obvious. Myeloid round, wood technology, there is the cell gap, sometimes by a thin wall of the central marrow of non-wood cells or hollow (Fig. 1).

Clematis montana Buch.-Ham.: Hydrangea vine biennial stem visible by decadent tissue rhytidome. The cap structure of outer ring by the discontinuous 8-17 layers of thick wall cells, the inner ring is not obvious. Xylem large, scattered holes arrangement, ray cells lignified, rings clear. With the wooden through stems of distinction (Fig. 2).

Fig. 1Clematis armandii Franch Stems

Clematis armandii Franch Stems

Fig. 2Clematis montana Buch.-Ham. stems

Clematis montana Buch.-Ham. stems

2) Leaf structure of the organization.

Clematis armandii Franch Stems’s leaf epidermal cells are square or rectangular category, closely arranged neatly outside the cuticle. Palisade tissue is typically 2 column cells, the spongy tissue of 5-6 rows of cells. Main vein vascular bundle surrounded by a thick fibrous oval, semicircular phloem, xylem and more from the catheter components.

Clematis montana Buch.-Ham. has mainly 4-5 rows of cells in the spongy tissue, cyclic structure with wooden main veins Vascular outside without a thick fibers pass to be different.

3) The organizational structure of the petiole.

Irregular cross-section through the petiole wooden round. Epidermal cells an outer cuticle. Outermost cortical cell types square, arranged very close, no cell gap; cortical parenchyma cells in the inner irregular round, there is the cell gap. Vascular bundles are mostly six, evenly distributed, thick-walled cells in the outer layer of 2-6, was cap. Phloem tissue mostly irregular round or square class. Xylem from the catheter, wood parenchyma cells and wood fibers, rays broad, often small vascular bundles visible secondary cell wall thicker, slightly wood. Pith cells round, the cell gap (Fig. 3).

Clematis montana Buch.-Ham. adaxial petiole pale heart-shaped cross-section, of vascular 6, but both sides of the vascular bundles near the center of the shaft surface often see two small secondary vascular bundle, vascular bundle outside layer of thick-walled cells often 3-10 can pass the difference between wooden (Fig. 4).

Fig. 3Clematis armandii Franch Stems petiole

Clematis armandii Franch Stems petiole

Fig. 4Clematis montana Buch.-Ham. petiole

Clematis montana Buch.-Ham. petiole

3.2. TLC identification of the chemical composition

1) Preparation of the test solution and reference solution.

a) Preparation of the test solution;

2 g medicinal powder (over 4 screens), 100 ml alcohol, reflux for 2 hours, filtration, the filtrate evaporated, the residue was dissolved with 5 ml ethanol, static, the supernatant as the standard medicine solution.

b) Preparation of reference solution;

Beta-sitosterol, add anhydrous ethanol, as the reference solution (1 mg/ml).

2) TLC conditions and results.

According to Thin-layer chromatography (Chinese pharmacopoeia 2010 edition), draw the test solution of 8 μ L, 4 μ l reference solution, respectively, on the same silica gel G thin layer plate. Developer: 1) chloroform:acetone (25:1); 2) cyclohexane:ether:acetate (20:5.5:2.5); 3) toluene:chloroform:acetone:methanol (8:5:1:1); 4) chloroform:ethyl acetate (10:1); 5) petroleum ether:ethyl formate:formic acid (6:2:0.1), spray with 10 % sulfuric acid ethanol solution, the color clear heating at 105 ℃ to spots, respectively the sunlight and UV lamp (365 nm).

Chloroform-ethyl acetate (10:1) used as a Developer will have good separation effect (Fig. 5).

3.3. Determination of beta-sitosterol

1) Preparation of the solution.

a) Preparation of the test solution;

1 g medicine powder (over 3 screens), accurately weighed, were set stoppered Erlenmeyer flask, precision chloroform 50 ml, sonication (power 120 W , frequency 40 kHz) 2 hours, cooled, shake, filtration, the filtrate evaporated and the residue dissolved in methanol, set 5 ml flask, microporous membrane (0.45 μm) filter.

b) Preparation of standard solution;

Beta-sitosterol accurately weighed, add methanol, as the standard solution (65 μg/ml).

Fig. 5Clematidis armandii Herbs TLC: 1-3: Clematis armandii Franch; 4-6: Clematis armandii Franch; 7: Liangshan prefecture Sichuan; 8: Anba prefecture Sichuan; 9: Beichuan County Sichuan; 10: Zhaotong Yunnan; 11: Slices; 12: Beta-sitosterol

Clematidis armandii Herbs TLC: 1-3: Clematis armandii Franch; 4-6: Clematis armandii Franch;  7: Liangshan prefecture Sichuan; 8: Anba prefecture Sichuan; 9: Beichuan County Sichuan;  10: Zhaotong Yunnan; 11: Slices; 12: Beta-sitosterol

Fig. 6High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) figure (1 – Beta-sitosterol)

High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) figure (1 – Beta-sitosterol)

a) Reference substance

High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) figure (1 – Beta-sitosterol)

b) Blank solvent

High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) figure (1 – Beta-sitosterol)

c) Clematis armandii Franch

High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) figure (1 – Beta-sitosterol)

d) Clematis armandii Franch

2) Chromatographic conditions.

TC-C18 column (Agilent, 4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 μm); mobile phase:methanol-water (97:3); detection wavelength: 204 nm; column temperature: 30°C; flow rate: 1.0 ml/ min; injection volume: 10 μL. Number of theoretical plates beta-sitosterol of not less than 3000.

3) Methodological study.

a) Methods specificity study;

Respectively pipette beta-sitosterol standard solution, blank solution, test solution (Clematis armandii Franch, Clematis montana Buch.-Ham.) each 10 μl, injection, according to 2.3.2 test, both beta-sitosterol standard solution and test solution appear beta-sitosterol absorption peaks at about 23 min (Fig. 6).

b) Linear relation;

Take beta-sitosterol standard solution (65 μg /ml), respectively, sample 2 μl, 4 μl, 6 μl, 10 μl, 12 μl, 16 μl, with the sample volume (X, μg) for horizontal , peak area values (Y) for the vertical axis, the establishment of a standard curve, the linear regression equation Y= 210328X+6688.5, (r= 0.9997), the linear range of 0.13-1.04 μg (Fig. 7).

Fig. 7The standard curve of Beta-sitosterol

The standard curve of Beta-sitosterol

c) Precision test;

At a concentration of 65 μg/ml of the standard solution, continuous injection six times, measured the peak area, RSD is 1.67 %, indicating that equipment’s precision is good.

d) Repeatability;

Parallel to take No. 1 and No. 4 Sample 6 copies, accurately weighed, according to the sample preparation method, measured the peak area by sample analysis, the No. 1 sample’s peak area RSD is 2.31 % and the No. 4 sample’s peak area RSD is 2.11 %, indicating that the reproducibility of the test method is well.

e) Stability test;

Take the same test solution, according to the above chromatographic conditions measured peak area after the preparation of 0 h, 2 h, 4 h, 6 h, 8 h, 12 h, 24 h, Clematis armandii Franch and Clematis montana Buch.-Ham. peak area RSD values were 2.19 %, 2.94 %, indicating that the test solution was stable within 24 h.

Table 2Recovery of Clematis armandii Franch

Sample (g)
Beta-sitosterol (μg)
Standard solution (μg)
Total measure (μg)
Recovery (%)
Average (%)
RSD (%)
0.5003
85.18
85
171.4779
101.5269
101.09
1.62
0.5169
88.01
85
175.6762
103.1367
0.5402
91.98
85
176.3299
99.23518
0.5205
88.62
85
175.6405
102.3771
0.5291
90.09
85
176.0565
101.1371
0.5058
86.12
85
170.3605
99.10647

Table 3Recovery of Clematis montana Buch.-Ham.

Sample
(g)
Beta-sitosterol
(μg)
Sandard solution
(μg)
Total measure (μg)
Recovery
(%)
Average (%)
RSD
(%)
0.5003
152.34
150
304.0098
101.1132
100.40
0.74
0.5049
153.74
150
305.2176
100.9851
0.5102
155.36
150
306.1638
100.5359
0.5317
161.91
150
312.2349
100.2166
0.524
159.56
150
308.1325
99.04833
0.5309
161.66
150
312.4169
100.5046

f) Recovery test;

Accurately weigh sample No. 1 and No. 4 each 0.5 g (1 g Clematis armandii Franch contains beta-sitosterol 170.266 μg, 1 g Clematis montana Buch.-Ham contains beta-sitosterol 304.505 μg), each 6 parts, precision adding beta-sitosterol standard solution, according to the sample preparation method, and measuring beta-sitosterol content, calculate recoveries, the results in Table 2 and Table 3.

4) The content determination of the sample.

Take samples collected from six different regions and buy medicinal materials from five different places, according to the sample preparation method, preparation of sample solution, determine the content of beta-sitosterol, the results are shown in Table 4.

Table 4Results

Sample
No.
Beta-sitosterol content (μg·g-1) (weigh dry)
Clematis armandii Franch
1
189.18444
2
190.2611
3
189.5256
Clematis montana Buch.-Ham
4
338.3389
5
336.9067
6
337.4978
Liangshan Yi autonomous prefecture
7
156.945
Sichuan Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous prefecture
8
241.6545
Sichuan Beichuan county
9
168.716
Zhaotong in Yunnan
10
176.599
Sichuan thousand square Chinese Herbal Medicine Co., Ltd.
11
153.8656

4. Discussion

Chinese pharmacopoeia 2010 edition provisions of oleanolic acid as reference [3]. In this study, samples were processed by the Chinese pharmacopoeia method, using five different deployment system [4-8], TLC results were not displayed oleanolic acid, but showed a clear beta-sitosterol spots. Beta-sitosterol has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic effect, the effects are significant, and for the treatment of periodontitis all disease and oral ulcers [9, 10], which is consistent with some part of the effect of Clematidis armandii Caulis. Although commercially available Clematidis armandii Caulis contain beta-sitosterol, but in no better condition index components can be beta-sitosterol as an indicator. HPLC method for the determination of this study established high precision, repeatability, Clematidis armandii Caulis content in beta-sitosterol is not less than 0.017 %. May be one of the bases as Clematidis armandii Caulis quality standards established.

References

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About this article

Received
Accepted
12 August 2015
Published
18 September 2015
SUBJECTS
Oscillations in biomedical engineering
Keywords
Clematidis armandii Caulis
microscopical identification
TLC
content determination
beta-sitosterol