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Feedback torque control of an arm exoskeleton to assist user movement
By Thang Cao Nguyen, Ngoc Tuan Nguyen
There is a growing interest in the area of human – robot interactions as the human – robot interactions plays an important role in the control design for the robot. The paper proposes a feedback torque control for a three degree of freedom model of an arm exoskeleton used for assisting user movement. Base on controlling the interaction torques in three joints of the robot to track the desired interaction torques, the feedback torque control is carried out to shape the impedance of the device. The optimal feedback torque control is carried out to minimize the total root mean square of human – robot interaction torques at three joints by using the Balancing Composite Motion Optimization.
June 4, 2025
Industrial Engineering

Research Article
Dynamic performance analysis of 1000 MW double reheat steam turbine foundation
In recent years, power equipment has been developing towards low-carbon, high-efficiency, and green environmental protection. The double reheat unit has been increasingly employed in power plants due to its advantages of low energy consumption and less pollution. As a core component of power plants, the dynamic performance analysis of the steam turbine foundation is essential for ensuring the overall safety of double reheat unit. For this reason, the dynamic performance of a steam turbine foundation is investigated based on the engineering background of frame-type reinforced concrete foundations of 1000 MW double reheat steam turbine set in a power plant. The solid finite element model of the steam turbine foundation is first established by using ANSYS software, along with a detailed description of foundation information and modelling methodology. Subsequently, the dynamic characteristic and response analyses of the steam turbine foundation are performed to evaluate its dynamic performance, respectively. The results indicate that the 1000 MW steam turbine foundation demonstrates satisfactory dynamic performance. Within the operating speed range, the transverse, longitudinal, and vertical vibration displacements of the foundation bearings and columns remain below 20 μm, while the vibration velocity does not exceed 3.8 mm/s, both of which comply with relevant specifications. Moreover, enhancing the stiffness of the fifth and sixth beams, along with increasing the cross-sectional area of columns C3 and C4 on the steam turbine foundation, should be considered to mitigate its vibration responses and thus improve its dynamic performance. The research findings can serve as a reference for the type selection and optimization design of 1000 MW double reheat steam turbine foundations.
June 30, 2025
Vibration Engineering

Research Article
Quantitative assessment of RAM driven risk matrix of offset printing machine
Quantitative assessment of risk matrix through analysis of reliability, availability and maintainability (RAM) is used as quick visual tool for managing potential risk in any continuous production system which can be used for further improved maintenance planning. Fault tree analysis along with failure mode and effect analysis support in assessing risk of minor or major failures associated with different consequences of human impact, production loss, maintenance loss etc. For developing risk matrix, scoring of likelihood and severity are necessary to identify the potential risk zone. An attempt has been made in the present study to assess overall failure scenario of offset-printing machine by analysing reliability of different machine component. Different types of failure frequencies and corresponding failure probability of the machine are set as a value representative likelihood failure data. The critical consequences of these failures are discussed for estimation of actual risk and risk index. Matrix of risk and risk priority number is developed here on the basis of likelihood scores of each kind of failure probability and severity scores by considering different types of breakdown and their associated responsible machine component. Moreover, prioritization of different failure types is validated by MonteCarlo simulation. Based on the risk matrix developed, maintainability and maintenance interval time has been determined which seems to be a novel approach for reduction of risk and breakdown time. Finally, maintenance and safety recommendation on the basis of corresponding risk level and maintainability indicator rating are discussed.
June 30, 2025
Applied Physics

Research Article
Sensor data fusion and cutting tool status recognition by k-means clustering
In this study, a novel multi-sensory data fusion approach is developed for real-time tool wear condition monitoring during the turning process, addressing the limitations of single-sensor systems that often suffer from noise and uncertainty. By integrating data from four distinct sensors – machine vision, electrical current, accelerometer, and strain gauge – this method enhances the reliability and robustness of wear state identification. Key features extracted include the entropy of the workpiece’s surface texture via stationary wavelet transform, the time-frequency marginal integral of the motor current, and the Shannon entropy of both the cutting tool’s bending strain and acceleration signals. These features are fused using K-means clustering with Lloyd’s algorithm to classify tool wear into three distinct categories: low (0-0.1 mm), medium (0.1-0.2 mm), and high (> 0.2 mm). Experimental results demonstrate that this approach achieves a classification accuracy of 95 %, significantly outperforming traditional single-sensor methods, which typically yield accuracies below 80 %. This scalable and efficient technique is well-suited for intelligent manufacturing, offering precise tool replacement decisions with minimal computational overhead.
June 29, 2025
Applied Mathematics

Research Article
Numerical-experimental single point incremental forming of thin circular plate
Single Point Incremental Forming (SPIF) represents a transformative shift in sheet metal manufacturing, offering unparalleled flexibility, reduced tooling costs, and adaptability for low-volume and customized production. This study presents a hybrid numerical-experimental investigation of SPIF applied to thin circular galvanized plates, integrating finite element simulations via FormingSuite software with experimental validation. A key innovation of this work lies in its detailed analysis of coupled deformation modes, tensile-tensile and tensile-compressive, governing failure and thinning mechanisms under high forming angles, particularly around 90°, which are typically fracture-prone. The research introduces a novel use of the Fracture Forming Line (FFL) over traditional Forming Limit Curves (FLCs) to better predict failure in SPIF. Results reveal improved strain capacity and process stability, supported by deformation mapping, safe zone identification, and stress-strain simulations. This comprehensive approach not only enhances the predictive capabilities of SPIF modeling but also supports smarter and more sustainable manufacturing processes.
June 29, 2025
Informatics
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Research Article
Application of artificial neural networks for detecting compressor fouling in industrial gas turbines: a case study of an aero-derivative unit at an oil and gas facility in the Niger Delta, Nigeria
This study investigates the application of artificial neural networks for the detection of compressors fouling degradation in industrial gas turbines during operation to mitigate the loss in engine performance. An Artificial Neural Network (ANN)-based model was developed to monitor and predict compressor fouling degradation in an aero-derivative gas turbine derived from the Siemens SGT 400 class of gas turbines. Performance data from a Siemens SGT 400 gas turbine unit were obtained and used for the investigation. The obtained engine data represent all faults indicative of compressor performance. For the baseline, data were collected after maintenance actions had taken place, while the degraded case covers historical engine performance from 01 January 2013 to 28 February 2013, accounting for approximately 1,392 Equivalent Operating Hours (EOH). The dataset, encompassing variables such as temperature, pressure, gas flow, power, compressor discharge temperature, and compressor discharge pressure, was processed to eliminate irrelevant and redundant parameters before usage. A Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) was chosen as the architecture for the ANN. The outcomes of the training phase showed that the ANN achieved a classification accuracy of 96.2 % in proficiently distinguishing between “fouling” and "other factors" conditions. Additionally, the validation performance plot demonstrates that the network achieved its best performance with a value of 0.077507 at 18 epochs out of 24 training iterations. Finally, the confusion matrix demonstrates the model's capability to predict both fouling and non-fouling scenarios with a minimal rate of misclassification.
June 29, 2025
Applied Mathematics

Research Article
Analysis of progressive collapse of low-rise concrete frame structure under double earthquake in Türkiye
The double earthquake that struck Türkiye on February 6, 2023 killed over 50,000 people. It also caused the collapse of thousands of low-rise reinforced concrete structures in the seismic area, resulting in incredible damage. To study the reasons for the progressive collapse of numerous buildings, a nine-story concrete frame structure was established in this study, and the elastic-plastic time-history analysis under the double earthquake was performed. The element failure criterion was defined using the max equivalent compressive strain, refining the damage initiation point and transmission path of the proposed structure. The results showed that: 1. The natural period of vibration of the low-rise concrete frame structure in the seismic area is in the peak spectral acceleration region of the first earthquake, which maximizes the earthquake damage force. 2. The first strong earthquake disabled the main load-bearing columns on the ground floor of the structure, resulting in collapse within a few seconds of the second earthquake. 3. The seismic damage investigation showed that the low-rise frame structure had insufficient longitudinal reinforcement laps, insufficient transverse reinforcement and stirrups, and weak embeddedness between longitudinal bars and concrete. These issues have amplified the damage degree. 4. Despite the comprehensive building seismic regulations in Türkiye, the most pressing problem may be the long-term regulatory failure of the authorities.
June 28, 2025
Vibration Engineering

Research Article
Fuzzy adaptive back stepping control of wheeled mobile robot
Wheeled mobile robots (WMR) are unmanned vehicles and practical robots for industry and human life. The low-cost manufacturing, simple assembling, high-speed, lightweight design, and high observability and controllability of the WMRs have attracted the attention of engineering disciplines such as mechanical and electrical science. This paper focuses on the control of wheeled mobile robots through fuzzy adaptive back stepping (ABS). The mathematical model of WMR is divided into two types, including kinematic and dynamic analyses. Actually, this research analyzes the theoretical math model using hybrid methods such as fuzzy logic and adaptive back stepping (BS) to control WMR in both noisy and noiseless conditions along its path. On the other hand, this hybrid controller, because of its more robust performance, can track WMR on its targets. Because of this, WMR's ability to move around makes it choose fuzzy and adaptive back stepping (FABS) methods, which use model-based and time-dependent features, respectively. As a result, the signal inputs fuzzy membership functions, and then the fuzzy approach outputs a new signal that goes to the back-step adaptive controller to finalize the control effort to navigate WMR with the lowest error during its destinations.
June 28, 2025
Industrial Engineering

Research Article
Dynamic response behaviors of buried pipelines subjected to the impact of spherical falling objects in cold regions
Impact from falling objects can easily cause the local deformation of pipeline, which threatens the safe and stable operation of pipeline. In order to study the dynamic response behavior of impacted buried pipelines in cold regions, the buried pipelines, frozen soil and falling objects are taken as the object. Considering the nonlinearity of pipeline material, the contact nonlinearity between pipeline, falling objects and frozen soil, a double nonlinear dynamic analysis model of buried pipeline in cold regions is established by explicit dynamic analysis method. The rationality of the model method is verified by comparing the curves in this paper with those from the experiment. Furthermore, the changing laws of dynamic response of pipeline influenced by different factors are discussed. The results show that: when the buried depth of pipeline is 2 m, the deformation and residual stress of pipeline increase with the increase of pipeline’s diameter-to-thickness ratio, the impact velocity of falling object and the water content of frozen soil, and the impact velocity of falling objects influences the dynamic response behavior of pipelines most significantly, followed by the diameter-thickness ratio of pipelines and the water content of frozen soil; When the diameter-thickness ratio of the pipeline is 58, the deformation and residual stress of pipeline decrease with the increase of buried depth by 75 % and 88 % respectively. Among the four influencing factors, when the impact velocity of falling objects is 10 m/s and the buried depth of pipeline is 3 m, the deformation amplitude of pipelines caused by falling objects is the smallest. It is suggested that in the high-risk regions of falling objects, the diameter-thickness ratio, buried depth and the water content of frozen soil can be reasonably controlled under the condition of predicting the maximum potential impact velocity of falling objects, so as to improve the ability of the pipeline to resist external impact damage, which provides theoretical basis and quantitative control standards for the impact design of pipeline engineering in cold regions.
June 2, 2025
Informatics
Recently published
Research article
June 2, 2025
Experimental thermal fatigue crack on brake disc of heavy vehicle
By M. Hasanlu, F. Shirvani, S. Mahdian
Recently published
Research article
June 2, 2025
Optimum kinematic – dynamic performance of the reconfigurable delta robot through genetic algorithm optimization
By M. Hasanlu, M. Siavashi
18th International Conference on Mechatronic Systems and Materials
Mechatronic Systems, Smart Materials, and Industrial Engineering
Date
October 9-10, 2025
Submission deadline
September 10, 2025
Conference format
Live
Best of engineering
Editor's pick
Research article
May 6, 2025
Influence of dynamic behavior of excavator steel structure on correction of human vibrations: operator cabin case study
By Predrag Jovančić, Snežana Aleksandrović, Stevan Djenadić, Aleksandar Madžarević, Filip Miletić, Ivan Milenović
Editor's pick
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May 6, 2025
High-entropy alloys in wire arc additive manufacturing: a review
By Doruk Gürkan, Savas Dilibal
Editor's pick
Research article
May 5, 2025
3-D wheel/rail contact modeling method and temperature analyses
By Zexin Wang, Tao Yang, Yunpeng Wei
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April 13, 2025
Pure IMU localization for intelligent platforms with CNN adaptive invariant extended Kalman filter noise fusion
By J. Han, Z. W. Hou, T. Zhang, S. X. Wu, D. Y. Xu
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Research Article
A conversion guide: solar irradiance and lux illuminance
By Peter R. Michael, Danvers E. Johnston, Wilfrido Moreno
The standard for measuring solar irradiance utilizes the units of watts per meter squared (W/m2). Irradiance meters are both costly and limited in the ability to measure low irradiance values. With a lower cost and higher sensitivity in low light conditions, light meters measure luminous flux per unit area (illuminance) utilizing the units of lumens per meter squared or lux (lx). An effective conversion factor between W/m2 and lx would enable the use of light meters to evaluate photovoltaic performance under low solar irradiance conditions. A survey of the literature found no definitive and readily available “rule of thumb” conversion standard between solar irradiance and illuminance. Easy-to-find Internet sources contain conflicting and widely varying values ranging from 688449 to 21000 lx for 1000 W/m2 (1 Sun) of solar irradiance. Peer-reviewed literature contains Luminous Efficacy equivalent values ranging from 21 to 131 lx per W/m2. This manuscript explores the relationship and establishes a theoretical and laboratory measurement guide for the conversion between solar irradiance and illuminance. The conversion factor includes standards data, equipment calibration accuracy, and uncertainty estimates. Solar Irradiance of 1 Sun (1000 W/m2) for an LED-based solar simulator is (116 ± 3) klx and (122 ± 1) klx for outdoor sunlight.
December 4, 2020
Applied Physics

Most downloaded
Research Article
Design and calculation of double arm suspension of a car
By David Jebaraj B, Sharath Prasanna R
Suspension system is one of the challenging portions in designing a vehicle. The complete stability of the vehicle under dynamic conditions depends on the suspension system of the vehicle. Suspension system of a vehicle is interlinked with other systems such as steering, Wheels and Brakes. The main objective of this document is to provide complete guidance in designing and calculation of an independent suspension system with double control arms. The required parameters are calculated on considering a prototype vehicle with gross weight of 350 kg such as required stiffness of shock absorbers, Ride frequency, Motion ratio, Coefficient of damping etc. A CADD model was made with CATIA v5 r20 and SOLIDWORKS on the basis of calculations obtained and stress analysis was carried out for this model in various software such as Ansys. The complete assembled model was tested in LOTUS Shark and the result was obtained.
June 30, 2020
Industrial Engineering
Modal finite element analysis of PCBs and the role of material anisotropy
Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) are epoxy resin-impregnated and cured sheets of counter woven glass fabric (e.g. FR4) laminated between thin sheets of Copper. The nature of the PCB is inherently anisotropic and inhomogeneous but previous modal FEMs of PCBs have assumed isotropic, anisotropic (transversely isotropic and orthotropic) material properties and shown good correlation with test data for specific scenarios [1-3]. This paper details part of a research program aimed at gaining a better understanding of accurately modeling PCB’s dynamic behavior. New investigations into the impact of material anisotropy and, in particular, the effect of material orthogonal plane definition (Ex and Ey) on eigenfrequencies is analysed. A modal FEM of a JEDEC PCB is created, verified, and validated using well established theories by Steinberg and empirical data by others [4, 5]. The relative contributions of Ex, Ey and Ez on PCB eigenfrequencies is examined using a parametric modal FEM, analysing the role of material isotropy verses anisotropy. The impact of transversely isotropic material properties is also analysed for a typical JEDEC PCB. This analysis details the mesh density required for accurately modeling the PCB eigenfrequencies. The results show that a 100 % increase in Ez has only a 0.2 % difference in the eigenfrequency where as a 100 % increase in Ey has a 1.2 % difference in the eigenfrequency. The effect of orthotropic plane definition (alternating Ex with Ey) on the JEDEC PCB amount to a 7.95 % delta in eigenfrequency.
Coilgun design and evaluation without capacitor
Capacitors with high voltage and capacity values are used in most induction coilguns that are designed and constructed. The fact that capacitors are quite bulky and slow in energy transfer and how a coilgun can be made without using capacitors is the study subject of this article. Two and four coil gun samples were made to find the essential components of an electric gun, and the results are reported in this article. The accuracy of the results is also confirmed by FEMM analysis for these models. The harmony of experimental and theoretical results shows that smaller and low cost portable electrical weapons can be a powerful alternative to firearms in the future.