Published: 31 December 2016

Plane wave propagation in a 3D anisotropic half-space under Green-Naghdi theory II

S. Chakraborty1
S. C. Mandal2
A. K. Das3
N. Sarkar4
A. Lahiri5
1, 2, 5Department of Mathematics, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
3Department of Geology, Asutosh College, 92, S. P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata, 700026, India
4Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, 700009, India
Corresponding Author:
N. Sarkar
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Abstract

In this paper, the theory of coupled thermoelasticity in three dimension is employed for triclinic half-space, subjected to time dependent heat source on the boundary of the space which is traction free and is considered in the context of Green-Naghdi model of type II (thermoelasticity without energy dissipation) of generalized thermoelasticity. Normal mode analysis is used to the non-dimensional coupled equations. Finally, the resulting equations are written in the form of a vector-matrix differential equation which is then solved by eigenvalue approach. Numerical results for the temperature, thermal stresses, and displacements are presented graphically and analyzed. Mathematical results shown in thermoelastic curves were supplemented by tectonic movements of elastic lithospheric plates.

1. Introduction

The classical uncoupled theory of thermoelasticity, predicts two phenomena not consistent with experimental results. The heat conduction equation of this theory i) does not contain any elastic terms, but the fact is that the elastic changes produces heat effects and ii) the heat conduction equation is of parabolic type predicting infinite speeds of propagation for heat waves, which means that the theory classical of thermoelasticity (CT) predicts finite for predominantly elastic disturbances but an infinite speed for predominantly thermal disturbances, which are coupled together. This means that a part of every solution of the equations extends to infinity. To overcome this paradox inherent in the theory of classical uncoupled theory of thermoelasticity, Biot [1] introduced the theory of coupled thermoelasticity.

To eliminate the second shortcoming Lord and Shulman [2] (L-S model) introduce a theory of generalized thermoelasticity with one relaxation time parameter, by modification of Fourier’s law, replaced heat flux and its time derivatives. In L-S model the heat conduction equation is hyperbolic type and is closely connected with the theories of “second sound”. This theory was extended for anisotropic body by Dhaliwal and Sherief [3]. The uniqueness of the solutions for this theory was proved under different conditions by Ignaczak [4, 5]. Green and Lindsay [6] (G-L model) modified not only heat conduction equation but also equation of motion in the coupled theory without violating Fourier’s law by introducing two relaxation time parameters. Along with the theories, Green and Naghdi [7-9] (G-N model) also proposed another three generalized theories of thermoelasticity by introducing “thermal displacement gradient” among the independent constitutive variables and named as Type I, II and III. Among these models, type I [7] is same as classical heat equation which is based on Fourier’s law where the theories are linearized. The type II [9] and type III [8] model permit finite speed of wave propagation. The basic difference of type II from type I and type III is that it does not contain dissipation of thermal energy whereas type III contains dissipation of energy. The type II and Type III are also known as thermoelasticity without energy dissipation (TEWOED) and thermoelasticity with energy dissipation (TEWED). Several investigations relating to TEWOED theory have been studied by Roy Choudhury and Bandyopadhyay [10], Roy Choudhury and Dutta [11], Sharma and Chouhan [12], Chandrasekharaiah and Srinath [13], Sarkar and Lahiri [14] and Bachher et al. [MME15]. The effect of magnetic field in generalized thermoelasticity with internal heat source in half space was investigated by Othman et al. [16]. Pal and Acharya [17] studied the effects of inhomogeneity on the surface waves in anisotropic media. Recently, Pal et al. [18] investigated the wave propagation in an inhomogeneous anisotropic generalized thermoelastic solid. They have also shown by graphically that quasi-P wave, quasi-S wave and thermal wave are discontinuous at certain angle and with a jump as well.

We know that materials in the earth are not homogeneous although their elastic properties vary with depth from one region to another. The variation may be gradual; there are also discontinuities that separate media with different densities and elastic properties. Anisotropy causes the largest variation of seismic velocities and changes in the direction of seismic waves. Achenbach [19] studied reflection and transmission of wave in infinite elastic plate. Several investigations relating to reflection and transmission of elastic waves in anisotropic media have been studied by Nayfeh [20], Pal and Chattopadhyay [21], Chattopadhyay and Rogerson [22], Sharma [23] and Chattopadhyay et al. [24]. Mensch and Rasolofosaon [25] studied the elastic wave velocities in anisotropic media, generalizing Thomson’s parameters, δ and γ. Abbas and Othman [26] investigated the propagation of plane waves in fiber-reinforced, anisotropic half-space under effect of hydrostatic initial in L-S model. The analysis of Lame waves in anisotropic thin plates in generalized thermoelasticity was discussed by Verma [27]. Zhou and Greenhalgh [28], Grechka [29] studied elastic wave group velocities for (generalized) anisotropic medium. The petrophysical study of velocity of waves in anisotropic shale was analyzed by Vernik and Liu [30], Kumar and Gupta [31] investigated the plane wave propagation in anisotropic thermoelastic medium having fractional order derivative and void in the context of three- phase lag model and two phase lag model. Recently Othman et.al. [32] studied the effect of rotation on three dimensional generalized thermoelasticity in the context of Green-Nagdhi type II for homogeneous isotropic elastic half space.

The thermo-elastic stress behavior and strain calculations due to time-dependent thermal perturbation in homogeneous plates have significant applications in tectonic movements of more homogeneous rigid plates e.g., basaltic oceanic plates subjected to heat sources of hot magmatic plumes of deeper mantle origin. Thus the deduction and modifications of thermo-elastic stresses in proportion to the degree of reheating of the elastic lithosphere are explained in various hotspot thermal models (Zhu and Wiens [33]). The aim of the present research article to study the distribution of stresses, strains and temperature for an anisotropic half space subjected to a time dependent heat source on the boundary of the space which is traction free in the context of Green-Naghdi model – II. Normal mode analysis technique and eigenvalue approach have been used to solve the problem. Finally, numerical results are presented graphically and analyzed. Some applications have been also given.

2. Basic equations

In the absence of body forces and inner heat sources, the field equations for linear thermoelastic homogeneous anisotropic body in the context of Green-Nagdhi model II [9], Othman et al. [32] are as follows:

The equations of motion:

1
τij,j=ρu¨i.

Heat- conduction equation of Green- Nagdhi theory of type II:

2
kij*θ,ij=ρcEθ¨+θ0biju¨i,j.

The Duhamel-Neumann constitutive equations are:

3
τij=cijklekl-βijθδij.

Strain – displacement relation:

4
eij=12ui,j+uj,i, ui,j=uixj.

The comma notation is used for derivatives with respect to space variables xi and superimposed dot represents time differentiation.

3. Formulation of the problem

We shall consider a triclinic linear thermoelastic anisotropic half-space solid which fills the region Ω=(x1,x2,x3): 0x1<, -<x2<, -<x3< and subjected to time dependent heat sources on the boundary plane to the surface x1=0. The body is initially at rest and the surface x1=0 is assumed to be traction free.

For three dimensional plane waves in a homogeneous anisotropic elastic medium, the components of displacement vector have the form:

5
ui=uix1,x2,x3,t, i=1,2,3,

where t is the time variable and xi (i= 1, 2, 3) denotes the respective orthogonal Cartesian co-ordinate axes. Using Hooke’s law, the stress-strain-temperature relations in a triclinic medium can be written as follows:

6
τ11=c11e11+c12e22+c13e33+2c14e23+c15e13+c16e12-β11θ,
τ22=c21e11+c22e22+c23e33+2c24e23+c25e13+c26e12-β22θ,
τ33=c31e11+c32e22+c33e33+2c34e23+c35e13+c36e12-β33θ,
τ23=c41e11+c42e22+c43e33+2c44e23+c45e13+c46e12,
τ13=c51e11+c52e22+c53e33+2c54e23+c55e13+c56e12,
τ12=c61e11+c62e22+c63e33+2c64e23+c65e13+c66e12.

The equations of motion in absence of body forces and heat sources are as follows:

7
τ11,1+τ12,2+τ13,3=ρu¨1,
τ21,1+τ22,2+τ23,3=ρu¨2,
τ31,1+τ32,2+τ33,3=ρu¨3.

With the help of Eq. (5) and (6), equations of motion (7) become:

8
ρu¨1=c11u1,11+c66u1,22+c55u1,33+2c16u1,12+c15u1,13+c56u1,23
+c16u2,11+c26u2,22+c45u2,33+(c12+c66)u2,12+(c14+c56)u2,13
+(c46+c25)u2,23+c15u3,11+c46u3,22+c35u3,33+(c14+c56)u3,12
+(c13+c55)u3,13+(c36+c45)u3,23-β11θ,1,
ρu¨2=c16u1,11+c26u1,22+c45u1,33+(c12+c66)u1,12
+(c14+c56)u1,13(c46+c25)u1,23+c66u2,11+c22u2,22+c44u2,33
+2c26u2,12+c46u2,13+c24u2,23+c56u3,11+c24u3,22+c34u3,33
+(c46+c25)u3,12+(c36+c45)u3,13+(c23+c44)u3,23-β22θ,2,
ρu¨3=c15u1,11+c46u1,22+c35u1,33+c56+c14u1,12
+(c55+c13)u1,13+(c45+c36)u1,23+c56u2,11+c24u2,22+c34u2,33
+(c25+c46)u2,12+(c45+c36)u2,13+(c44+c23)u2,23
+c55u3,11+c44u3,22+c33u3,33+2c45u3,12+c35u3,13+c34u3,23-β33θ,3.

The generalized heat conduction Eq. (2) is written as:

9
k11*θ,11+k22*θ,22+k33*θ,33=ρcEθ¨+θ0b11u¨1,1+b22u¨2,2+b33u¨3,3.

To transform the above equations in non-dimensional forms, we introduce the following non-dimensional variables:

10
x'i=1lxi, u'i=ρc12lb11θ0ui, t'=c1lt, θ'=1θ0θ, τ'ij=1b11θ0τij, c12=c11ρ,

where l is some standard length.

Using the parameters defined in Eq. (10), the non-dimensional forms of the equations of motion, heat conduction equation and stress components can be obtained as (omitting primes for convenience):

11
u¨1=u1,11+c66c11u1,22+c55c11u1,33+2c16c11u1,12+c15c11u1,13+c56c11u1,23
+c16c11u2,11+c26c11u2,22+c45c11u2,33+(c12+c66)c11u2,12+(c14+c56)c11u2,13
+(c46+c25)c11u2,23+c15c11u3,11+c46c11u3,22+c35c11u3,33+(c14+c56)c11u3,12
+(c13+c55)c11u3,13+(c36+c45)c11u3,23-θ,1,
u¨2=c16c11u1,11+c26c11u1,22+c45c11u1,33+(c12+c66)c11u1,12+(c14+c56)c11u1,13
+(c46+c25)c11u1,23+c66c11u2,11+c22c11u2,22+c44c11u2,33
+2c26c11u2,12+c46c11u2,13+c24c11u2,23+c56c11u3,11+c24c11u3,22+c34c11u3,33
+(c46+c25)c11u3,12+(c36+c45)c11u3,13+(c23+c44)c11u3,23-b2θ,2,
u¨3=c15c11u1,11+c46c11u1,22+c35c11u1,33+(c56+c14)c11u1,12+(c55+c13)c11u1,13
+c45+c36c11u1,23+c56c11u2,11+c24c11u2,22+c34c11u2,33+c25+c46c11u2,12
+(c45+c36)c11u2,13+(c44+c23)c11u2,23+c55c11u3,11+c44c11u3,22+c33c11u3,33
+2c45c11u3,12+c35c11u3,13+c34c11u3,23-β3θ,3,
12
cT2θ,11+k2θ,22+k3θ,33=θ¨+ε1u¨1,1+β2u¨2,2+β3u¨3,3,
13
τ11=1c11c11e11+c12e22+c13e33+2(c14e23+c15e13+c16e12)-θ,
τ22=1c11c21e11+c22e22+c23e33+2(c24e23+c25e13+c26e12)-β2θ,
τ33=1c11c31e11+c32e22+c33e33+2(c34e23+c35e13+c36e12)-β3θ,
τ23=1c11c41e11+c42e22+c43e33+2(c44e23+c45e13+c46e12),
τ13=1c11c51e11+c52e22+c53e33+2(c54e23+c55e13+c56e12),
τ12=1c11c61e11+c62e22+c63e33+2(c64e23+c65e13+c66e12),

where:

cT2=k11*ρcEc12, ε1=b112q0rC11CE, εr=ε1βrr, kr=krr*k11*, βr=βrrβ11, r=2,3.

4. Normal mode analysis: Formulation of vector–matrix differential equation

For the solution of the Eqs. (11) and (12), the physical variables can be decomposed in terms of normal modes [14] in the following form:

14
u1,u2,u3,eij,θ,τij(x1,x2,x3,t)=u 1*,u 2*,u 3*,eij*,θ*,τij*(x1)eωt+i(ax2+bx3),

where i=-1, ω is the angular frequency and a, b are the wave numbers along x2 and x3 directions respectively.

Substituting from Eq. (14) in Eqs. (11)-(13), we obtain (omitting ‘*’ for convenience):

15
u1,11+a11u1,1+a12u1+a21u2,11+a22u2,1+a23u2+a31u3,11
+a32u3,1+a33u3-θ,1=0,
16
b11u1,11+b12u1,1+b13u1+u2,11+b21u2,1+b22u2+b31u2,11
+b32u2,1+b33u3-b34θ=0,
17
m11u1,11+m12u1,1+m13u1+m21u2,11+m22u2,1+m23u2+u3,11
+m31u3,1+m32u3-m33θ=0,
18
cT2θ,11-ε1ω2u1,1-iaω2ε2u2-ibω2ε3u3-cT2k2a2+k3b2-ω2θ=0,
19
τ11=u1,1+h12u2,1+h13u3,1+h14u1+h15u2+h16u3-θ,
20
τ22=h21u1,1+h22u2,1+h23u3,1+h24u1+h25u2+h26u3-β2θ,
21
τ33=h31u1,1+h32u2,1+h33u3,1+h34u1+h35u2+h36u3-β3θ,
22
τ23=h41u1,1+h42u2,1+h43u3,1+h44u1+h45u2+h46u3,
23
τ13=h51u1,1+h52u2,1+h53u3,3+h54u1+h55u2+h56u3,
24
τ12=h61u1,1+h62u2,1+h63u3,3+h64u1+h65u2+h66u3,

where aij, bij, mij and hij (i, j= 1, 2, 3) are given in the Appendix 1.

Eqs. (15)-(18) can be written in vector-matrix differential equation [14, 34] as follows:

25
dv_dx1=A_v_,

where v_(x1)=u1u2u3θu1,1u2,1u3,1θ,1T(x1), A_=L11L12L21L22.

In the coefficient matrix A_ of order 8, L11 is the null matrix of order 4, L12 is the identity matrix of order 4 and the matrices L21, L22 are given in the Appendix 1.

5. Solution of the vector-matrix differential equation: Eigenvalue approach

For the solution of the vector-matrix differential Eq. (25), we apply the method of eigenvalue approach as in Santra et al. [35]. The characteristic equation of matrix A_ is given by:

26
A-λI=0.

The roots (eigenvalues of the matrix A_) of the characteristic Eq. (26) are of the form λ=±λi (i= 1, 2, 3, 4).

The eigenvector X_λ corresponding to the eigenvalue λ can be calculated as:

27
X_λ=δ1 δ2 δ3 δ4 λδ1 λδ2 λδ3 λδ4T,

where:

δ1=f24f13-f14f23f22f33-f32f23-f34f23-f24f33f12f23-f22f13,
δ2=f34f23-f24f33f11f23-f21f13-f24f13-f14f23f21f33-f31f23,
δ3=f12f21-f11f22f21f34-f31f24-f22f31-f21f32f11f24-f14f21,
δ4=f11f23-f21f13f22f33-f32f23-f12f23-f22f13f21f33-f31f23,

and fij (i, j= 1, 2, 3) are given in the Appendix 1.

From Eq. (27), we can calculate the eigenvalue X_i [i=1 (1) 8] corresponding to the eigenvalue λ=λi [i=1 (1) 8]. For our further reference, we use the following notations:

28
X_i=X_λ=λi+12, i=1 2,X_λ=-λi2, i=2 (2) 8.

As in Lahiri et al. [36], the general solution of Eq. (25) which is regular as x1+ can be written as:

29
v_x1=i=14AiX2ie-λix1, x10,

where the terms containing exponential of growing nature in the space variables x1 has been discarded due to the regularity condition of the solution at + and the arbitrary constants Ai are to be determined from the boundary conditions of the problem.

Thus, the field variables can be written from Eq. (29) for x10 as:

30
u1,u2,u3,θx1=i=14Aiδ1,δ2,δ3,δ4λ=-λie-λix1,
31
τ11=i=14h14-λiδ1λ=-λi+h15-λih12δ2λ=-λi+(h16-λih13)δ3λ=-λi-δ4λ=-λiAie-λixi,
32
τ22=i=14h24-λih21δ1λ=-λi+h25-λih22δ2λ=-λi+(h26-λih23)δ3λ=-λi-β2δ4λ=-λiAie-λixi,
33
τ33=i=14h34-λih31δ1λ=-λi+h35-λih32δ2λ=-λi+(h36-λih33)δ3λ=-λi-β3δ4λ=-λiAie-λixi,
34
τ23=i=14h44-λih41δ1λ=-λi+h45-λih42δ2λ=-λi+(h46-λih43)δ3λ=-λiAie-λixi,
35
τ13=i=14h54-λih51δ1λ=-λi+h55-λih52δ2λ=-λi+(h56-λih53)δ3λ=-λiAie-λixi,
36
τ12=i=14h64-λih61δ1λ=-λi+h65-λih62δ2λ=-λi+(h66-λih63)δ3λ=-λiAie-λixi.

The simplified form of Eqs. (31)-(36) can be written as:

37
τ11=A1R11x1+A2R12x1+A3R13x1+A4R14x1,
τ22=A1R21x1+A2R22x1+A3R23x1+A4R24x1,
τ33=A1R31x1+A2R32x1+A3R33x1+A4R34x1,
τ23=A1R41x1+A2R42x1+A3R43x1+A4R44x1,
τ13=A1R51x1+A2R52x1+A3R53x1+A4R54x1,
τ12=A1R61x1+A2R62x1+A3R63x1+A4R64x1,

where Rij=Rij(x1), [i=1 (1) 6, j=1 (1) 4] are given in the Appendix 2.

6. Boundary conditions

In order to determine the arbitrary constants Ai, we need to consider the boundary conditions at the surface x1= 0. The boundary conditions are taken as follows [14]:

I. Mechanical Boundary Condition: the boundary of the half-space x1= 0 has no traction everywhere i.e.:

38
τ11(0,x2,x3,t)=τ22(0,x2,x3,t)=τ33(0,x2,x3,t)=0.

II. The thermal boundary condition is taken as:

39
qn+γθ=r0,x2,x3,t,

where qn denotes the normal components of the heat flux vector, γ is the Biot’s number, γ0 corresponding thermally insulated boundary and γ+represents isothermal boundary condition. The function r(0,x2,x3,t) represents the intensity of the applied heat sources. With the help of Eq. (14), Eqs. (38) and (39) become (omitting ‘*’ for convenience):

40
τ11(0,x2,x3,t)=τ22(0,x2,x3,t)=τ33(0,x2,x3,t)=0,
41
γθ-dθdx1=r*, x1=0.

Substituting from the boundary Eq. (40) and (41) into the Eqs. (30)-(33), we get following simultaneous equations satisfy by A1, A2, A3 and A4:

42
i=14AiR1i(0)=0, i=14AiR2i(0)=0, i=14AiR3i(0)=0, i=14AiR7i(0)=r*.

Solving the above systems of four Eq. (42), we get: Ai=Δi/Δ (i= 1, 2, 3, 4), where Δi and Δ are given in Appendix 2.

7. Numerical example and discussion

In view of illustrating the theoretical results obtained, we now present some numerical results. Since ω is complex, we take ω=ω0+iς. The numerical constants are given in Table 1.

Table 1The numerical constants

Constants
Values
Constants
Values
c11
16.248 GPa
c22
11.88 GPa
c33
12.216 GPa
c12
1.48 GPa
c13
2.4 GPa
c14
–1.152 GPa
c15
0 GPa
c16
–0.561 GPa
c23
1.032 GPa
c24
0.912 GPa
c25
1.608 GPa
c26
1.248 GPa
c34
–0.672 GPa
c35
0.216 GPa
c36
–0.216 GPa
c44
5.64 GPa
c45
2.16 GPa
c46
0 GPa
c55
5.88 GPa
c56
0 GPa
c66
6.91 GPa
ρ
2.4 kgm-1
ε1
0.0221
ε2
0.0143
ε3
0.0174
k11*
1.13×102 Wm-1 deg-1
k22*
1.17×102 Wm-1 deg-1
k33*
1.21×102 Wm-1 deg-1

In order to study the characteristic of stresses, strains and temperature, we have drawn several graphs for different values of the space variable x1, time t, r* and ω, we conclude the following observations:

1) In Fig. 1 and 2 we see the variation of dimensionless stress components, for fixed values of ω= 4, r*= 20 and t= 0.8 verses space variable x1.

• The nature of normal and shearing stresses are almost same with respect to wave propagation.

• The numerical values of τ11, τ22 and τ33 gradually increase within the region 0 x1 0.3, then gradually decrease and finally vanish as x1 increases further.

• The numerical value of τ11is much higher than τ22 and τ33 near the stress free boundary x1= 0.

• The non-dimension shearing stressesτ12,τ13 and τ23 start from non-zero value and continuously decrease and finally tends to zero as x1 increases.

Fig. 1Distribution of Stresses for t= 0.8 and ω= 4 verses x1

Distribution of Stresses  for t= 0.8 and ω= 4 verses x1

Fig. 2Distribution of Stresses for t= 0.8 and ω= 4 verses x1

Distribution of Stresses  for t= 0.8 and ω= 4 verses x1

Fig. 3Distribution of Shearing Strains for t= 0.3 and ω= 3 verses x1

Distribution of Shearing Strains  for t= 0.3 and ω= 3 verses x1

Fig. 4Distribution of Shearing Strains for t= 0.3 and ω= 3 verses x1

Distribution of Shearing Strains  for t= 0.3 and ω= 3 verses x1

Fig. 5Distribution of temperature for ω= 2 and x2=x3= 0.5 verses x1

Distribution of temperature for ω= 2 and x2=x3= 0.5 verses x1

2) In Fig. 3 and 4 we notice the variation of dimensionless strain components for fixed values of ω= 3, r*= 20 and t= 0.6 verses space variable x1.

• Absolute values of strain components gradually decrease as space variable x1 increases and finally vanish.

• The strain components e11, e22 and e12areextensive wherease33and e23are compressive.

• The characteristic of e11, e22 and e12 are same with respect to wave propagation.

• The non-dimensional shearing strain components e13is compressive within the region 0 x1 0.15 and extensive beyond x1 0.15 and finally vanish.

3) Fig. 5 represents the variation of non-dimensional temperature θ for fixed time, when ω= 2, r*= 20 and x2=x3= 0.5 verses x1.

• Temperature gradually decreases as space variable x1 increases for all time.

• For fixed x1, θ gradually increases as time t increases.

4) Figs. 6-9 represent the variations of stresses and strains for fixed time when r*= 20 and x1=x2=x3= 0.5 verses ω ( 1).

• From these figures it is clear that τ22 and τ12 (normal and shearing stresses), e22 and e13 (normal and shearing strains) are discontinuous in the neighborhood of ω= 0.6 for t= 0.1, t= 0.5 and t= 0.8.

τ22 is extensive except in the region 0.58 ω 0.64 for all t= 0.1, t= 0.5 and t= 0.8.

τ12 is compressive except in the region 0.57 ω 0.59 for all t= 0.1, 0.5 and 0.8.

• From Fig. 8, it is clear that e22 is always positive within the region 0 ω 1 although it has a discontinuity at ω 0.59.

• Fig. 9 depicted that e13 is always negative within the region 0 ω 1 although it has a discontinuity at ω= 0.59.

τ22, τ12, e22 and e13 are maximum (absolute value) for t= 0.8 within the region 0 ω 1.

• Nature of discontinuities of τ11, τ33, τ23 and τ13 are almost same as τ22 and τ12.

• The discontinuities of other strain components and e11, e33, e12 and e23 are also same as e22 and e13.

Fig. 6Distribution of τ22 for fixed x1=x2=x3= 0.5 and r*= 20 for different values of ω

Distribution of τ22 for fixed x1=x2=x3= 0.5 and r*= 20 for different values of ω

Fig. 7Distribution of τ12 for fixed x1=x2=x3= 0.5 and r*= 20 for different values of ω

Distribution of τ12 for fixed x1=x2=x3= 0.5 and r*= 20 for different values of ω

Fig. 8Distribution of e22 for fixed x1=x2=x3= 0.5 and r*= 20 for different values of ω

Distribution of e22 for fixed x1=x2=x3= 0.5 and r*= 20 for different values of ω

Fig. 9Distribution of e13 for fixed x1=x2=x3= 0.5 and r*= 20 for different values of ω

Distribution of e13 for fixed x1=x2=x3= 0.5 and r*= 20 for different values of ω

5) Figs. 10-12 depict the distribution of stresses τ11, τ12 and τ23 for 0<ω 1 and time t in the fixed plane x1= 0.3 when r*= 200.

• Fig. 10 shows that normal stress τ11 is discontinuous within 0.59 ω 0.61 for all values of time t (0 <t< 0.3). Numerical values of τ11 slowly increases with time for fixed ω. On the other hand for fixed time t, τ11 changes rapidly when 0.61 ω1.0 for 0 <t 0.3.

• From Fig. 11 it is clear that shearing stress τ12 is compressive for 0 ω 1.0 and 0 <t< 0.3 except at the point of discontinuity 0.58 <ω< 0.59. The characteristic of τ12 is same for all time when ω is fixed and vice versa.

• Fig. 12 represents the distribution of the shearing stress τ23 which is extensive for 0 <ω 1 and 0 <t< 0.3. It can be noticed that τ23 is discontinuous within 0.58 <ω< 0.60. τ23 gradually decreases for fixed time t when 0.2 <ω< 0.57. Beyond the discontinuity region for fixed ω, τ23 steadily increases as time t increases.The numerical value of τ23 gradually decreases for fixed time as ω increases.

• The nature of τ13 is same as τ23.

• The nature of wave propagation of τ22 and τ33 are same as τ11.

Fig. 10Distribution of τ11 for fixed x1= 0.3 and different values of ω, t

Distribution of τ11 for fixed x1= 0.3  and different values of ω, t

Fig. 11Distribution of τ12 for fixed x1= 0.3 and different values of ω, t

Distribution of τ12 for fixed x1= 0.3  and different values of ω, t

Fig. 12Distribution of τ23 for fixed x1= 0.3 and different values of ω, t

Distribution of τ23 for fixed x1= 0.3  and different values of ω, t

Fig. 13Distribution of e33 for fixed x1= 0.3 and different values of ω, t

Distribution of e33 for fixed x1= 0.3  and different values of ω, t

6) Figs. 13-16 represent distribution of strains e33, e12, e23 ande13 for ω (≤ 1) and time t in the fixed plane x1= 0.3 when r*= 200.

• Fig. 13 shows that the normal strain components e33 is discontinuous for 0.58 <ω< 0.60 and 0 <t 0.3. Also we see that e33 gradually decreases for fixed time when 0.2 <ω< 0.56. For fixed ω, e33 steadily increases as time t (0 <t 0.3) increases.

• Fig. 14 display the distribution of strain components e12 which is discontinuous for 0.58 <ω< 0.60 and 0 <t 0.3. For fixed time t, e12 gradually decreases within the region 0.2 < ω ≤ 0.40 and then slowly increases in 0.4 <ω 0.58. After the location of the discontinuity, e12 gradually increases as ω increases. Nothing significant changes can be noticed for fixed ω when time t changes.

• Fig. 15 depicts that the strain component e23 is discontinuous when 0.56 <ω< 0.60 for all time 0 <t 0.3. Also we can notice that e23 is positive like e33 for 0 <ω 1 and 0 <t 0.3. For fixed ω, e23 increases as time t increases.

• Fig. 16 represents the distribution of strain component e13 which is discontinuous within the region 0.58 <ω< 0.60 for all time 0 <t 0.3.

Fig. 14Distribution of e12 for fixed x1= 0.3 and different values of ω, t

Distribution of e12 for fixed x1= 0.3  and different values of ω, t

Fig. 15Distribution of e23 for fixed x1= 0.3 and different values of ω, t

Distribution of e23 for fixed x1= 0.3  and different values of ω, t

Fig. 16Distribution of e13 for fixed x1= 0.3 and different values of ω, t

Distribution of e13 for fixed x1= 0.3  and different values of ω, t

Fig. 17Distribution of θ for fixed x1=x2=x3= 0.8, r*= 200 and different values of ω, t

Distribution of θ for fixed x1=x2=x3= 0.8, r*= 200 and different values of ω, t

7) Fig. 17 displays the distribution of temperature θ for different values of ω and time t. For fixed time, θ gradually decreases for 0 <ω< 0.56. Temperature is maximum for all time 0.56 <ω< 0.60 and then gradually decreases. For fixed ω, θ slowly increases as time t increases.

8) Figs. 18-20 are drawn to show the distribution of normal and shearing stresses for 0 <ω 10 and 0 <t 0.5 in the fixed plane x1= 0.3 when r*= 200.

• From Fig. 18 it is clear that significant changes occur within 3.5 <ω< 7.5 and 2.5t 0.4. For fixed ω, τ11 gradually increases as time t (0.25 t 0.45) increases and gradually decreases for fixed time when 0 <ω< 10.

• Fig. 19 shows that shearing stress τ12 gradually increases for fixed ω (2 ω 10) when t (0 t 0.4). It can be noted that τ12 is maximum when ω= 10 and t= 0.4.

• Fig. 20 depicts that for fixed time, τ13 gradually decreases as ω increases which is more prominent for t= 0.4 and 0 <ω< 8. After attending the minimum value τ13 gradually increases for 8 <ω< 10 and 0.35 t 0.4.

• Nature of τ22 and τ33 are almost same as τ11.

9) Figs. 21-24 show the distribution of strains in the fixed plane x1= 0.3 when r*= 200 for different values of ω and t.

Fig. 18Distribution of τ11 for fixed x1= 0.3 and different values of ω, t

Distribution of τ11 for fixed x1= 0.3  and different values of ω, t

Fig. 19Distribution of τ12 for fixed x1= 0.3 and different values of ω, t

Distribution of τ12 for fixed x1= 0.3  and different values of ω, t

Fig. 20Distribution of τ13 for fixed x1= 0.3 and different values of ω, t

Distribution of τ13 for fixed x1= 0.3  and different values of ω, t

Fig. 21Distribution of e11 for fixed x1= 0.3 and different values of ω, t

Distribution of e11 for fixed x1= 0.3  and different values of ω, t

Fig. 22Distribution of e33 for fixed x1= 0.3 and different values of ω, t

Distribution of e33 for fixed x1= 0.3  and different values of ω, t

Fig. 23Distribution of e12 for fixed x1= 0.3 and different values of ω, t

Distribution of e12 for fixed x1= 0.3  and different values of ω, t

• Figs. 21 and 22 represent the distributions of the normal strain components. We notice that e11 is negative for all 0 <ω 10 and 0 <t< 0.4 while e33 is positive. Numerical value of e11 gradually tends to zero when ω tends to 10 and t tends to 0.4. On the other hand e33 becomes zero when ω= 10 and t= 0.4.

• Fig. 23 depicts the distribution of the shearing strain e12. Characteristic of e12 is almost same as e11.

• Fig. 24 shows that for fixed ω, numerical value of e13 gradually increasing as time t increases. For fixed time t, e13 slowly increases as ω increases.

10) Fig. 25 displays the temperature distribution for 2 ω 10 and 0 <t 0.4. Temperature attains its maximum value when ω= 6 and t= 0.4. Temperature increases slowly when 2 ω 6 and 0.15 t 0.4 then gradually decreases.

Fig. 24Distribution of e13 for fixed x1= 0.3 and different values of ω, t

Distribution of e13 for fixed x1= 0.3  and different values of ω, t

Fig. 25Distribution of θ for fixed x1=x2=x3= 0.5, r*= 200 and different values of ω, t

Distribution of θ for fixed x1=x2=x3= 0.5, r*= 200 and different values of ω, t

8. Applications and uncertainties

Subsurface rocks are generally filled with cracks and pore spaces saturated with one or more fluids such as oils, water and gasses which can influence the mechanical behavior of rocks. Thermal expansion of existing fluids due to thermo-poroelastic stress field causes gradual increase of fluid pressure in the intergranular spaces. If the fluid pressure (Pf) exceeds lithostatic pressure (Pl) by more than the tensile strength of the rock (usually small) the rock is likely to burst due to hydraulic fracturing and in the process fluid will migrate along the cracks developed (Fig. 26). The migration of oil and gas can be accentuated through these cracks into suitable structural traps producing voluminous oil and gas field in the rocks.

Fig. 26Schematic diagram showing developments of hydraulic fracturing in matrix of rocks. Pl = Lithostatic Pressure and Pf = Fluid Pressure

Schematic diagram showing developments of hydraulic fracturing in matrix of rocks.  Pl = Lithostatic Pressure and Pf = Fluid Pressure

According to linear elastic fracturing model three distinct modes of fracturing can be generated depending on the three different types of loading (Irwin [37]). In Mode-I, the tensile forces are applied normal to the crack plane so that the crack planes are pulled apart enabling the crack more and more open (Fig. 27(a)). In Mode-II, the cracked body is loaded by shear forces acting parallel to the crack surfaces, which slide over each other in the applied direction (Fig. 27(b)). In Mode-III the cracked body is also loaded by shear forces but parallel to the crack front and the fracture planes slide over each other out of the plane direction (Fig. 27(c)). In case of Mode-III, a large angle of sliding of rock blocks or plates may indicate a relative rotation of plates, resulting a significant amount of evolution of energy. A distinct discontinuity in the thermo-elastic curves shown whenever the ω value of considerable amount rotated clockwise or anticlockwise (Fig. 27(c)) possibly indicates movements of plate with significant release of energy.

Fig. 27Three types of fractures modes (Anderson [45])

Three types of fractures modes (Anderson [45])

a) Mode I. Opening mode

Three types of fractures modes (Anderson [45])

b) Mode II. Sliding mode

Three types of fractures modes (Anderson [45])

c) Mode III. Tearing mode

Thus, lithospheric plates, though rigid, must certainly undergo small elastic strains showing time-dependent deformations or creep, even in very low levels of differential stress. Thus, the time-dependent heat sources appear to produce significant stresses in the lithospheric plates resulting intraplate tectonics (Turcotte [38]). It has been appreciated that the midplate swells are the results of thermal perturbations of intra-plate hot spot plumes as the plates move over the deep mantle thermal anomaly (Wilson [39]). The major uncertainties appear to be the variations of minimum depth of reheating with corresponding assumptions of surface heat flow anomalies. These constraints may result conservative estimation of the magnitude of the conductive heating in the elastic lithosphere. But the magnitudes of the calculated temperature perturbations and the related thermo-elastic stress accumulation are significant as shown in the mathematical calculations. Shallow reheating depths and larger heat flow anomalies obviously increase the temperature perturbations within the lithosphere. The effect of higher heat flow may be partially compensated in case of deeper reheating depths. Thus, the application of thermo-elastic stress analyses is more suitable for relatively thinner and homogeneous younger oceanic lithosphere. The geographical distributions of thermo-elastic stresses and their orientations are highly significant for the tectonic evolution of the plates and can be measured by earthquake focal mechanism.

Several thermo-elastic stress models applied to hotspot reheating show considerably higher deviatoric stresses for both slow and fast moving plates. Although the thermal stress fields orientations appear to be complex in pattern a horizontal extension at shallow depths and horizontal compressions near the bottom of the elastic lithosphere have been appreciated. The thermal stress configuration depends on the absolute plate velocity. Thus, fast moving plates do not get enough time for conducting heat into the poorly conducting elastic plates and as a result a large deviatoric thermal stress generates far downstream hotspot chain. While a slow moving plate appears to get enough time to interact with the underlying hotspot and creates a more circular and larger thermal field closer to the hotspot location. Obviously, the area of the thermal stress perturbation is much larger for a fast moving plate and has little or no effect to the earthquakes related to hotspots e.g., most of the earthquakes in Howaii Island (Zhu and Wiens [33], Koyanagi et al. [40], Ando [41]). However, in case of slow moving plates the effect of radial thermal stresses closer to the hotspot swells have convincingly shown direct relation to the shallow focus earthquakes (Stewart and Helmberger [42], Nishenko and Kafka [43], Bergman [44]). The focal depths of these earthquakes often mismatch to the predicted depths derived from varied thermal stress models. Thermoelastic stress structures studied in different hotspot swells show an extension perpendicular to the swell axis in shallow depths. The passage of magma through the upper part of the lithosphere is thought to be guided by this extensional stress direction. In case of moderate to slow movements of plates this tensional stresses appear to accumulate considerably long distances downstream from the hotspot location. Volcanic rejuvenation along island arcs may thus result long after the passage of hotspots. During this long time period any kind of changes in the direction of plates or rotation of plate motion, as discussed, may explain the significant changes in the initial hotspot chains as noted a 65 degrees change in direction of hotspot chain in Hawaii Island. To confirm the pattern of maximum thermal stress orientations more thermal stress modeling are appreciated near hotspots in association with earthquakes. Thus, mathematical calculations related to thermo-elastic behavior of isotropic plates subjected to temperature perturbations and various boundary conditions may show certain pathways to solve many queries about the plate-tectonic processes and associated heat sources.

9. Concluding remarks

In this paper we derive the exact analytical expression for non-dimensional stresses, strains and temperature of a homogeneous anisotropic half space medium of most general symmetry (triclinic) of thermoelasticity without energy dissipation (G-N model II) is considered. The time dependent heat source is applied at the boundary of the half space. We observe the following conclusions based on the above analysis.

1) The time dependent heat source has a significant effect on the physical quantities.

2) The maximum changes occur near the heated region.

3) From Figs. 1-5, it is clear that the numerical values of physical quantities converge to zero asx1increases.

4) It is clear from Figs. 6-17 that the changes in the values of ω causes discontinuities of the physical quantities in the neighborhood of 0.56 <ω< 0.62.

5) Figs. 18-25 depicts that the changes in the values of time t and ω (>1) cause significant changes in all the physical quantities.

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About this article

Received
26 August 2016
Accepted
27 October 2016
Published
31 December 2016
Keywords
anisotropic solid
Green-Naghdi model II
normal mode analysis
eigenvalue approach
lithostatic pressure and lithospheric plates