Published: 30 June 2016

Linear free vibration analysis of tapered Timoshenko beams using coupled displacement field method

Rajesh Korabathina1
Meera Saheb Koppanati2
1, 2Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada, 533003, India
Corresponding Author:
Rajesh Korabathina
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Abstract

Every structure which is having some mass and elasticity is said to vibrate. Natural frequency is the one of the most important parameter associated with engineering vibration. In nature every structure has its own natural frequency. Whenever the natural frequency of the structure coincides with the frequency of external applied load, excessive deflections will occur and the structure will be failed. To avoid such condition one must be aware of the operating frequencies of the materials or structures under various conditions like simply supported, clamped and cantilever boundary conditions. There are many methods to evaluate the natural frequency of the structures. in this method the authors developed a method called “coupled displacement field method” which reduces computational efforts compared with the other methods and which is successfully applied for the Hinged-Hinged boundary condition of a tapered (rectangular cross section) Timoshenko beam and calculated the fundamental frequency parameter values and compared the results with existing literature. The results obtained in this method are very close to the existing literature.

1. Introduction

Research on vibrations of beams has been doing by so many authors for a long period of time. So far, many authors have found different methods to find the free vibration behaviour of shear flexible beams, some of them are as follows.

Abrate S. [1] analyzed the free vibration of nonuniform beams with general shape and arbitrary boundary conditions. Simple formulas are presented for predicting the fundamental natural frequency of non-uniform beams with various end support conditions.

Byoung Koo Lee et al. [2] studied on “Free vibrations of tapered Beams with general boundary condition”. This method involving the finding of the ordinary differential governing equation of beams which can be solved by numerical methods. the natural frequencies are calculated by combining the Runge Kutta method and the determinant search method.

De Rosa M. A. et al. [3] studied the dynamic behaviour of beams with linearly varying cross-section. in this method. The equation of motion is solved in terms of Bessel functions, and the boundary conditions lead to the frequency equation which is a function of four flexibility coefficients.

De Rosa M. A. et al. [4] studied the Natural vibration frequencies of Tapered beams by using Euler-Bernoulli beam theory in the presence of an arbitrary number of rotationally, axially and elastically flexible constraints. In this method, the dynamic analysis is performed by means of the so-called cell discretization method (CDM), according to which the beam is reduced to a set of rigid bars, linked together by elastic sections, where the bending stiffness and the distributed mass of the bars is concentrated.

Firouz-Abadi R. D. et al. [5] studied the transverse free vibration of a class of variable-cross-section beams is investigated using the Wentzel, Kramers, Brillouin (WKB) approximation in which the governing equation of motion of the Euler-Bernoulli beam including axial force distribution is utilized to obtain a singular differential equation in terms of the natural frequency of vibration and a WKB expansion series is applied to find the solution.

Izabela Zamorska [6] used the Green’s function method for the free vibration problem of non-uniform Bernoulli-Euler beams, to find the Green’s function of the fourth order differential operator, occurring at the beam’s equation of motion, the power series method is proposed.

Mahmoud A. A. et al. [7] applied the differential transformation method (DTM) for free vibration analysis of beams with uniform and non-uniform cross sections. Natural frequencies and corresponding normalized mode shapes are calculated for different cases of cross section and boundary conditions. MATLAB code is designed to solve the differential equation of the beam using the differential transformation method.

Mehmet Cem Ece, et al. [8] studied the vibrations of an isotropic beam which has a variable cross-section. In this, the Governing equation is reduced to an ordinary differential equation in spatial coordinate for a family of cross-section geometries with exponentially varying width. Analytical solutions of the vibration of the beam are obtained for three different types of boundary conditions associated with simply supported, clamped and free ends. Natural frequencies and mode shapes are determined for each set of boundary conditions.

Mohamed Hussien Taha et al. [9] used a “mathematical model for vibrations of non-uniform flexural beams” they presented a simplified mathematical model for free vibrations of nonuniform viscoelastic flexural beams is presented. The mass intensity, the material damping intensity and the flexural stiffness of the beam are assumed varying as power functions along the beam. An analytical solution for the fourth order differential equation of beam vibration under appropriate boundary conditions is obtained by factorization and calculated Mode shapes and damped natural frequencies of the beam are obtained for wide range of beam characteristics.

Rossi R. E. and Laura P. A. A. [10] determined the natural frequencies and dynamic behavior vibration of linearly tapered beams subjected to different combinations of edge supports by finite element algorithmic procedures.

Stanisław Kukla, Izabela Zamojska [11] applied the Green’s function method in frequency analysis of a beam with varying cross section. The beam carries an arbitrary number of attached discrete systems. The exact solution of the problem concerns a beam with quadratically varying cross-section area.

Zhou D. and Cheung Y. K. [12] studied the vibrational characteristics of tapered beams with continuously varying rectangular cross-section of depth and breadth proportional to xs and xt respectively, where both s and t are arbitrary real numbers for a truncated beam and arbitrary positive numbers for a sharp ended beam and x is the axial co-ordinate measured from the sharp end of the beam. They used the Bernoulli- Euler theory of bending is used to describe the motion of the beam. They obtained the eigen frequency equation by the Rayleigh-Ritz method and The effect of the location the convergency is discussed.

In the present method the concept of Coupled Displacement Method is presented for the vibration analysis of tapered Timoshenko beams, where the transverse displacement is expressed in terms of total rotation and its derivatives depending on the transverse shear deformation theory, in which the number of un known coefficients is brought down to exactly halfn in the coupled displacement field method. To demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method, the expressions for fundamental frequency are obtained for tapered shear flexible Timoshenko beams with hinged-hinged type of boundary condition. The numerical results presented in this paper are matching very closely with the existing literature.

2. Coupled displacement field method (CDF)

2.1. Coupling equation

The concept of coupled displacement field is explained in detail. in the Couple Displacement Field Method (CDF) with the single term admissible function for θ, the function for w is derived using the coupling equation. The coupling equation has been derived from the Timoshenko beam theory and an admissible function for θ which satisfies all the applicable boundary conditions and the symmetric condition is assumed in the beam domain. The coupled lateral displacement w distribution is evaluated from the coupling equation.

Fig. 1Tapered Timoshenko beam with linearly varying height (depth)

Tapered Timoshenko beam  with linearly varying height (depth)

Fig. 2Tapered (rectangular cross section) Timoshenko Hinged-Hinged beam

Tapered (rectangular cross section) Timoshenko Hinged-Hinged beam

2.2. Linear free vibrations

From The kinematics of a shear flexible beam theory (based on the Timoshenko beam theory):

1
u_x,z=zθ,
2
w_x,z=wx,z,

where u_ is the axial displacement and w_ is the transverse displacements at an any point of the beam, z is the distance of the any point from the neutral axis, w is the transverse displacement and θ is the total rotation anywhere on the beam axis and x, z are the independent spatial variables. The axial and shear strains are given by:

3
x=zθx,
4
γxz=wx+θ.

Now, the expressions for the strain energy ‘U’ and the work done W by the externally applied loads are given by:

5
U=EI2OLdθdx2dx+kGA2OLwx+θ2dx,
6
W=0Lpxwxdx,

where EI is the flexural rigidity, GA is the shear rigidity, k is the shear correction factor (taken as 5/6 in the present study), px is the static lateral load per unit length acting on the beam, E is the Young’s modulus, G is the shear modulus, I is the area moment of inertia, A is the area of cross section, x is the axial coordinate and L is the length of the beam. Applying the principle of minimization of total potential energy, as:

7
δU-W=0

The following equilibrium equations can be obtained:

8
kGAd2wdx2+dθdx+p=0,
9
EId2θdx2-kGAdwdx+θ=0,

where θ is total rotation, w is transverse displacement.

Eqs. (8) and (9) are coupled equations and can be solved for obtaining the solution for the static analysis of the shear deformable beams.

A close observation of Eq. (8) shows that it is dependent on the load term ‘p’ and Eq. (9) is independent of the load term ‘p’. Hence, Eq. (9) is used to couple the total rotation θ and the transverse displacement w, so that the two undetermined coefficients problem (for single term admissible function) becomes a single undetermined coefficient problem and the resulting linear free vibration problem becomes much simpler to solve.

The concept of coupled displacement field method is explained in detail. In Coupled Displacement Field method (CDF) with the single term admissible function for θ, the function for w is derived using the coupling Eq. (9). An admissible function for θ which satisfies all the applicable boundary conditions and the symmetric condition is assumed in the beam domain.

For hinged-hinged tapered Timoshenko beam, assumed total rotation is:

10
θ=aπLcosπxL,
11
dθdx=-aπL2sinπxL ,
12
d2θdx2=-acosπxL π3L3,

where a is the central lateral displacement of the beam which is also the maximum lateral displacement.

Rewriting Eq. (9):

13
dwdx=-θ+EIkGAd2θdx2.

By integrating the above equation, lateral displacement can be obtained as:

14
w=-aLπ1+πL2γsinπς,

where γ=EI/kGA, ς=x/L.

It may be noted here that because of the coupled displacement field concept , the transverse displacement (w) distribution contains the same undetermined coefficient “a” as the θ distribution and satisfies all the applicable essential boundary and symmetric conditions:

15
w0=wL=dwdxx=L/2=0.

2.3. Linear free vibrations

For an assumed θ distribution, the coupled displacement field for the lateral displacement w is evaluated, after the lateral displacement w is calculated, linear free vibrations can be studied.

Using the principle of conservation of total energy at any instant of time U+T= constant.

As the depth of the beam is not uniform throughout the length, the expression for U and T are given as:

16
U=E20LIdθdx2dx+kG20LAdwdx+θ2dx,
17
T=ρω220LAw2dx+ρω220LIθ2dx,

where:

18
A=A01-αxL, I=I01-αxL3, α=hL-h0hL,

and U, T, E are the strain energy, kinetic energy and young’s modulus respectively. ρ is the mass density of the material of the beam, ω is the radian frequency, h0 and hL are the height of the beam at left end x= 0 and the right end x=L respectively, Ao and Io are cross sectional area and area moment of inertia at left end, A is the area at any cross section, I is the moment of inertia at any cross section, α is the taper ratio.

Substituting Eqs. (10), (14), (18) in Eq. (16) and after simplification:

19
U=a2EI0π22L0.5+0.0871α3+0.4241α2+0.75α+3.12 π2β20.5+0.25α.

Substituting Eqs. (10), (14), (18) in Eq. (17) and after simplification:

20
T=a2ρA0ω2L32π21+3.12π2β220.5+0.25α
+π2β20.5+0.1629α3+0.5759α2+0.75α.

Applying the principle of minimization of total potential energy:

21
(U-T)a=0,

and after simplification, the non-dimensional fundamental frequency parameter 𝜆 is obtained and as:

22
λ=ρA0ω2L4EI0,
23
λ=π40.5+0.0871α3+0.4241α2+0.75α+3.12 π2β20.5+0.25α1+3.12 π2β220.5+0.25α+π2β20.5+0.1629α3+0.5759α2+0.75α,

where λ is the non dimensional fundamental frequency parameter, β=L/r (slenderness ratio) and r is radius of gyration

If the taper ratio α is zero, then the above equation becomes:

24
λ=ρA0ω2L4EI0 =π41+3.12 π2β21+3.12 π2β22+π2β2.

The above equation is applicable for uniform beam as the taper ratio is zero.

Table 1Fundamental Frequency (λ1/2) values for a Hinged-Hinged (Rectangular cross section) tapered Timoshenko beam

Taper ratio (α)
Slenderness ratio (β)
10
20
40
80
100
500
CDF Method
Ref
[10]
CDF Method
Ref
[10]
CDF Method
CDF Method
CDF Method
Ref
[10]
CDF Method
Ref
[10]
0
8.3913
8.388
9.4108
9.411
9.7471
9.8384
9.8496
9.850
9.8688
9.869
0.1
8.6917
8.683
9.8416
9.829
10.226
10.331
10.344
10.366
0.15
8.8435
10.059
10.469
10.581
10.595
10.619
0.20
8.9962
8.955
10.279
10.22
10.714
10.833
10.848
10.873
0.25
9.1496
10.499
10.960
11.086
11.102
11.129
0.30
9.3036
9.205
10.721
10.61
11.208
11.342
11.358
11.386
0.35
9.4581
10.944
11.457
11.598
11.616
11.646
0.4
9.6128
11.168
11.707
11.856
11.875
11.906
0.45
9.7676
11.3927
11.9596
12.116
12.1356
12.168
0.5
9.9226
11.6178
12.2124
12.377
12.3973
12.432
0.55
10.077
11.8435
12.4662
12.638
12.6602
12.696
0.6
10.232
12.0697
12.7209
12.901
12.9242
12.962
0.65
10.386
12.2963
12.9764
13.165
13.1892
13.229
0.7
10.540
12.523
13.232
13.430
13.455
13.497
0.75
10.694
12.750
13.489
13.696
13.722
13.765
0.8
10.847
12.977
13.747
13.963
13.989
14.035
0.85
11.000
13.204
14.005
14.230
14.258
14.305
0.9
11.151
13.431
14.264
14.498
14.527
14.577
0.95
11.303
13.658
14.523
14.767
14.797
14.849
1
11.453
13.885
14.783
15.036
15.068
15.122

3. Results

The concept of Coupled displacement field method is used to determine the fundamental frequencies of tapered shear flexible beams, with most practically used boundary condition. The boundary conditions of the beams considered is hinged-hinged, one with axially immovable ends. Suitable single-term trigonometric functions is used to represent the total rotation θ in the present study, the corresponding coupled lateral displacement w is derived using the present concept. The numerical results are obtained in terms of non-dimensional fundamental frequency parameter, for various slenderness ratios (β) and taper ratios (α).

The present results, in terms of slenderness ratios (β) and taper ratios (α) for a tapered shear flexible hinged-hinged beam, are presented in Table 1. For the sake of comparison and validation of the proposed method, the results obtained by present coupled displacement method are compared with Rossi R. E. and Laura P. A. A. and are also included in this table. The value obtained for non-dimensional fundamental frequency parameter for the given uniform Timoshenko beam is exactly matching with the existing literature. This is because the admissible function assumed for the total rotation θ is exact for this classical problem.

4. Conclusions

This method is having less complexity compared to other energy methods as the computational efforts are being reduced to half compared to Rayleigh-Ritz method. This formulation can also be used for the study of the free vibration analysis of shear flexible structural members other than Timoshenko beams.

References

  • Abrate S. Vibration of non-uniform rods and beams. Journal of Sound and Vibration, Vol. 185, Issue 4, 1995, p. 703-716.
  • Byoung Koo Lee, et al. Free vibrations of tapered Beams with general boundary condition. Journal of Civil Engineering, Vol. 6, Issue 3, 2002, p. 283-288.
  • De Rosa M. A., Auciello N. M. Free vibrations of tapered beams with flexible ends. Journal of Computers and Structures, Vol. 60, Issue 2, 1996, p. 197-202.
  • De Rosa M. A., Lippiello M. Natural vibration frequencies of tapered beams. Journal of Engineering Transactions, Vol. 57, Issue 1, 2009, p. 45-66.
  • Firouz-Abadi R. D, et al. An asymptotic solution to transverse free vibrations of variable-section beams. Journal of Sound and Vibration, Vol. 304, 2007, p. 530-540.
  • Izabela Zamorska Free Transverse vibrations of non-uniform beams. Scientific Research of the Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science, Vol. 9, Issue 2, 2010, p. 244-250.
  • Mahmoud A. A., et al. Free vibrations of uniform and non-uniform Euler beam using differential transformation method. Asian Journal of Mathematics and Applications, Vol. 2013, 2013, p. 1-16.
  • Mehmet Cem Ece, et al. Vibration of a variable cross-section beam. Journal of Mechanics Research Communications, Vol. 34, 2007, p. 78-84.
  • Mohamed Hussien Taha, Samir Abohadima Mathematical model for vibrations of non-uniform flexural beams. Journal of Engineering Mechanics, Vol. 15, Issue 1, 2008, p. 3-11.
  • Rossi R. E., Laura P. A. A. Numerical experiments on vibrating, linearly tapered Timoshenko beams. Journal of Sound and Vibration, Vol. 168, Issue 1, 1993, p. 179-183.
  • Stanisław Kukla, Izabela Zamojska Application of the Green’s function method in free vibration analysis of non-uniform beams. Scientific Research of the Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science, Vol. 4, Issue 1, 2005, p. 87-94.
  • Zhou D., Cheung Y. K. The free vibration of a type of tapered beams. Journal of Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, Vol. 188, 2000, p. 203-216.

About this article

Received
09 November 2015
Accepted
19 January 2016
Published
30 June 2016
Keywords
linear free vibrations
coupled displacement filed method
tapered Timoshenko beams
taper ratio
slenderness ratio
Acknowledgements

The authors express their gratitude to (JNTUK) Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada, AP, India for providing the facilities to carry out their research successfully. And also they thank the authorities of University College of Engineering (A), JNTUK, Kakinada, for extending the necessary support for publishing the paper under TEQIP-II (Technical Education Quality Improvement Programme).