A test for multidimensional reducible diffusion models

Jun, Wang; Ping, Chen

doi:10.21595/vp.2020.21388

Vibroengineering Procedia

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Published: 29 June 2020

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A test for multidimensional reducible diffusion models

Wang Jun¹

Chen Ping²

^{1, 2}Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China

Corresponding Author:

Chen Ping

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Abstract

We develop a test for multidimensional diffusion models with known drift term based on transformation of diffusion matrix. The test in this article is different from the traditional method. We use a one-to-one transformation to transform the original model into a unit diffusion. Our approach is not only effective for stationary processes. On the other hand, our test performs well both on size and power.

1. Introduction

A random variable $X_{t}$ satisfies the following stochastic differential equation and parametric specification model:

1

d X_{t} = μ (X_{t}) d t + σ (X_{t}) d W_{t},

2

d X_{t} = μ (X_{t}, θ) d t + σ (X_{t}, θ) d W_{t},

where the random variable $X_{t} = (X_{t}^{(1)}, X_{t}^{(2)}, \dots, X_{t}^{(1)})$ is a d-dimension state vector on $S_{X} \subset R^{d}$ , drift coefficient $μ (X_{t})$ and $μ (X_{t}, θ)$ are both $d$ -dimension vector, diffusion coefficient $σ (X_{t})$ and $σ (X_{t}, θ)$ are both $d \times m$ matrix $m \leq d$ , and $W_{t}$ is a m-dimension standard Brownian motion.The focus of this paper is on testing the validity of the parametric specification Mode (2) based on a set of discretely observed data ${X_{t Δ}}_{t = 0}^{n}$ .

For testing one-dimensional diffusion, in a pioneering work, Ait-Sahalia proposed an approach for testing the parametric specification model based on marginal density [1]. The advantage of the test is that the parametric marginal density of most of the diffusion processes is easy to know. But the method has several limitations. Hong and Li, Chen and Gao have an important development after Ait-Sahalia’s work [2, 3]. Separately, the above two articles presents two different methods even though both of the methods are based on TPDF (transition probability distribution density). Chen shows that the method of Hong and Li will excessively accept the null hypothesis [4].

The work in multi-dimensional case is not going well. Hong and Li's method can be used in multidimensional case. But the result is not very satisfactory. Song develops a martingale approach [5]. “Martingale Problems” is used to transform null hypothesis several times. Then, the multi-dimensional problem is broken into multiple one-dimensional problems. Their method considers all relationship of any two variables, so the difficulty of calculation is geometric growth. This is the so-called dimensional disaster.

Based on Hermite series expansion, Ait-Sahalia makes a breakthrough in giving the closed-form of the approximate TPDF for a univariate time-homogeneous diffusion [6]. Ait-Sahalia extends his previous work to the multidimensional diffusions by using Kolmogorov equations [7]. On the basis of Ait-Sahalia, Choi proposes the approximate TPDF of multidimensional time-inhomogeneous diffusion models [8, 9]. In recent years, there are some other works on diffusion model testing [4, 10-12].

In this paper, we propose a new test method moved by Ait-Sahalia [7]. For most of diffusion processes, we can transfer diffusion $X$ into a diffusion $Y$ whose diffusion matrix $σ_{Y}$ is the identity matrix by a one-to-one transformation. Then, we test if the diffusion matrix $σ_{Y}$ is an identity matrix.

Our method has 3 advantages: (a) The condition of the strictly stationary process is not needed. Whether calculating the marginal density or the transitional density, the process needs to be strictly stationary process. While our method is adapted to non-stationary process. Only if the diffusion is a strictly stationary process, we can give the nonparametric estimator of TDPF. But our method does not need to calculate the nonparametric estimator of TDPF. (b) Our test improves the result of size and power. (c) It also works for more complicated cases. The most important improvement is dimensional disaster can be avoided.

The structure of the paper is as follows. In Section 2, we state the setup and assumptions. Section 3 reports the procedure and main results of the test. Simulation studies and empirical application are reported in the next two sections. At last, we conclude the discussion.

2. Setup and assumptions

Assumption 1. $S_{X}$ is a product of $m$ intervals with limits ${\underline{x}}_{i}$ and ${\bar{x}}_{i}$ , where possibly ${\underline{x}}_{i} = - \infty$ and ${\bar{x}}_{i} = + \infty$ , in which case, the intervals are open at infinite limits.

Assumption 2. $\forall x \in S_{X}$ , the matrix $a (x) \equiv σ (x) σ^{'} (x)$ is positive definite.

Assumption 3. For $i, j = 1,2, \dots, m$ , $μ_{i} (x)$ and $σ_{i j} (x)$ are infinitely differentiable with respect to $x \in S_{X}$ and $t \in [0, + \infty)$ .

Assumption 4. There is a constant $K > 0$ such that for all $x \in [0, + \infty) \times S_{X}$ :

3

{‖μ (x)‖}^{2} \leq K (1 + {‖x‖}^{2}), {‖σ (x)‖}^{2} \leq K (1 + {‖x‖}^{2}) .

Assumption 3 and Assumption 4 ensure the uniqueness and existence of the solution of the Eq. (1) respectively. Indeed, Assumption 3 implies in particular that the coefficients of the stochastic differential equation are locally Lipschitz under their assumed (once) differentiability, which can be seen by applying the mean value theorem. And Assumption 4 can be relaxed in specific examples; it is not possible to do so in full generality.

3. Approach and test statistics

3.1. Reducible diffusions

Definition 1. If and only if there exists a one-to-one transformation of the diffusion $X$ into a diffusion $Y$ whose diffusion matrix $σ_{Y}$ is the identity matrix, we can say that diffusion $X$ is reducible. There exists an invertible function $γ (x)$ which is infinitely differentiable in $X$ on $S_{X}$ , such that $Y_{t} = γ (X_{t})$ satisfies the stochastic differential equation on the domain $S_{X}$ :

4

d Y_{t} = μ (Y_{t}) d t + d W_{t} .

If diffusion is reducible, the change of variable $γ$ satisfies $\nabla γ (x) = σ^{- 1} (x)$ , by Ito’s lemma. One-dimensional diffusion is reducible, by the simple transformation:

5

Y_{t} \equiv \nabla γ (X_{t}) = \int_{}^{X_{t}} \frac{d u}{σ (u)},

where the lower bound of integration is an arbitrary point in the interior of $S_{X}$ . The differentiability of $γ$ ensures that $μ_{Y}$ satisfies assumption 3. This change of variable is a Lamperti transform which plays a critical role in the derivation of closed-form Hermite approximations to the transition density of univariate diffusions. In next section, we give the method to solve the case that $1 / σ (u)$ cannot be integrated in closed form. For multivariate case, not every diffusion is reducible. It depends on the specification of its σ matrix, in the following way.

Proposition 1. (Necessary and sufficient condition for reducibility). The diffusion $X$ is said to be reducible if and only if:

6

\sum_{l = 1}^{m} \frac{\partial σ_{i k} (x)}{\partial x_{l}} σ_{l j} (x) = \sum_{l = 1}^{m} \frac{\partial σ_{i j} (x)}{\partial x_{l}} σ_{l k} (x),

for each $x$ in $S_{X}$ and triplet $x (i, j, k) = 1,2, \dots, m$ such that $k > j$ . If $σ$ is non-singular, then the condition can be expressed as:

7

\frac{\partial [σ_{i j}^{- 1} (x)]}{\partial x_{k}} = \frac{\partial [σ_{i k}^{- 1} (x)]}{\partial x_{j}} .

Reducibility conditions are only for the matrix $σ (x)$ . Under Proposition 1, when $σ$ is nonsingular, $m^{2} (m - 1) / 2$ equalities must hold in order for an m-dimensional diffusion to be reducible. For example, when $m = 2$ , only two equalities need to be checked.

3.2. Irreducible diffusions

If the diffusion is irreducible, however, one no longer has the option of transforming $X$ to $Y$ . Notice that sample ${{X}_{1}, X_{2}, . . ., X_{n}}$ is discrete. Though we can’t give the closed-form of transformation for diffusion $X$ directly, we can transfer the sample ${{X}_{1}, X_{2}, . . ., X_{n}}$ to sample ${{Y}_{1}, Y_{2}, . . ., Y_{n}}$ of a unit diffusion $Y$ discretely. For example, Ait-Sahalia points out that the diffusion is irreducible if $σ$ is like case $σ_{c a s e 1}$ :

8

σ_{c a s e 1} = [\begin{matrix} σ_{11} (x_{2}) & 0 \\ 0 & σ_{22} (x_{2}) \end{matrix}], σ_{c a s e 2} = [\begin{matrix} a (x_{1}) b (x_{2}) & a (x_{1}) c (x_{2}) \\ 0 & d (x_{2}) \end{matrix}] .

Because $σ_{11}$ depends on $x_{2}$ . In practice, we treat the process of variable $x_{1}$ and $x_{2}$ in $X_{t}$ as one-dimensional diffusion separately. So $x_{2}$ can be seen as a constant even though the $x_{2}$ changes every moment. Fortunately, the sample of $x_{2}$ is observed so that we can transform the sample of $x_{1}$ to the sample of a unit diffusion $y_{1}$ .

If $σ_{11}$ just depends on $x_{1}$ , the diffusion process is reducible. Like $σ_{c a s e 2}$ , we treat $b (x_{2})$ in $σ_{11}$ as constant. The matrix is similar to a diagonal matrix. Then it is like case 1.

Proposition 2. If irreducible diffusion $X$ is diagonalized, we can transform the sample of diffusion $X$ to a sample which belongs to a unit diffusion $Y$ .

3.3. Hypothesis and test statistics

With known drift function, the hypothesis is as follows:

9

H_{0} : P [σ (X_{t}, θ) = σ_{0} (X_{t})] = 1, \exists θ \in Θ, H_{1} : P [σ (X_{t}, θ) = σ_{0} (X_{t})] < 1, \forall θ \in Θ .

By Proposition 1 and Proposition 2, there exists a one-to-one transformation of a reducible diffusion to unit diffusion. So we just need to test whether the diffusion function is unit diffusion. We can transfer the reducible diffusion $X$ to unit diffusion $Y$ or the sample of irreducible diffusion $X$ to sample of unit diffusion $Y$ . The hypothesis becomes like the following:

10

H_{0} : P [σ (Y_{t}, θ) = I] = 1, \exists θ \in Θ, H_{1} : P [σ (Y_{t}, θ) = I] < 1, \forall θ \in Θ,

where $I$ is a unit matrix.

For the purpose, we need:

(1) Estimate the parameter $θ$ of diffusion function by the observation sample data set ${X_{t Δ}}_{t = 0}^{n}$ ,

(2) Transfer ${X_{t Δ}}_{t = 0}^{n}$ with a unique transformation to sample ${Y_{t Δ}}_{t = 0}^{n}$ of a unit diffusion $Y$ ,

(3) Estimate the diffusion function of $Y$ with ${Y_{t Δ}}_{t = 0}^{n}$ .

Remark 1. In this paper, $X_{i}$ means the $i$ -th component in $X$ . $X_{t_{i}}$ means the observation at $t_{i}$ - moment of $X$ .

$\frac{n}{T}$ ( $Y_{t_{i + 1}} - Y_{t_{i}}) (Y_{t_{i + 1}} - Y_{t_{i}})'$ can be treated as sample of $a (y)$ . So our test statistics is:

11

T = \frac{n}{T} (Y_{t_{i + 1}} - Y_{t_{i}}) {(Y_{t_{i + 1}} - Y_{t_{i}})}^{'} .

Theorem 1. Under Assumptions 1-4, $T_{i i} \to χ^{2} (1)$ and $T_{i j} \to 0$ , $i \neq j$ , under $H_{0}$ .

Theorem 2. Under Assumptions 1-4, $T_{i i} \to \infty$ or $T_{i j} \to \infty$ , $i \neq j$ , under $H_{1}$ .

Theorem 1 and Theorem 2 are applicable to one-dimensional situation.

4. Simulation experiment

4.1. Size evaluation

For examining the size of our test for multivariate models, we use a three-factor Vasicek model to generate the sample data. We also do size evaluation with Hong and Li's test and Song’s test for comparison. Following [16], we set:

12

d [\begin{matrix} X_{1 t} \\ X_{2 t} \\ X_{3 t} \end{matrix}] = [\begin{matrix} 0.5 & 0 & 0 \\ - 0.2 & 1 & 0 \\ 0.1 & 0.2 & 2 \end{matrix}] [\begin{matrix} X_{1 t} \\ X_{2 t} \\ X_{3 t} \end{matrix}] d t + [\begin{matrix} 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 2 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 3 \end{matrix}] d W_{t} .

We use the asymptotic critical values (1.28 and 1.65) at the 10 and 5 % levels as the empirical rejection rates. Reference [8], we compute $T (θ)$ over a bandwidth set $H = {h_{k}}_{k = 1}^{J}$ . So the results in Table 1 are selected to be the result of the optimal bandwidth at the time of simulation.

Table 1Sizes of Q(j), Song’s test and our T(θ) test

	$Q (j)$				Song				$T (θ)$
	$X_{1 t}$	$X_{2 t}$	$X_{3 t}$	Total	$X_{1 t}$	$X_{2 t}$	$X_{3 t}$	Total	$X_{1 t}$	$X_{2 t}$	$X_{3 t}$	Total
5 %
$n =$ 250	4.5	3.4	2.9	3.7	4.6	5.1	4.9	6.1	4.3	4.3	3.3	3.4
$n =$ 500	4.1	2.9	5.0	4.2	5.6	4.8	4.2	5.7	3.6	3.4	2.7	3.0
$n =$ 1000	3.6	3.8	4.8	4.7	3.9	3.8	3.4	5.2	2.9	2.8	2.3	2.4
10 %
$n =$ 250	6.9	5.8	5.9	8.4	8.0	7.9	8.5	9.3	6.5	6.8	7.2	7.4
$n =$ 500	7.0	6.5	6.9	8.2	7.7	7.6	7.8	8.6	5.8	6.3	6.6	6.9
$n =$ 1000	7.3	7.1	6.7	7.7	7.0	6.5	7.2	7.7	5.3	5.2	6.1	6.2

Table 1 shows the result of sizes of three tests for three individual and combined generalized residuals separately at the 5 % and 10 % level. Overall, our test has a good performance on sizes at both 5 % and 10 % levels for sample sizes as small as $n =$ 250 (i.e., about 20 years of monthly data). Our test makes an improvement to the size result.

Then, we consider the test for irreducible case. We use a bivariate Heston Model which is not a stationary process to generate 250, 500 and 1000 random samples. Table 2 shows that our test statistic also works on non-stationary process and has a good result. This is the most important breakthrough of our method. It makes $T (θ)$ test can deal with more complex models:

13

d [\begin{matrix} X_{1 t} \\ X_{2 t} \end{matrix}] = [\begin{matrix} r X_{1 t} \\ b (a - X_{2 t}) \end{matrix}] d t + [\begin{matrix} \sqrt{(1 - ρ^{2}) X_{2 t}} X_{1 t} & ρ \sqrt{X_{2 t}} X_{1 t} \\ 0 & σ X_{2 t} \end{matrix}] d W_{t} .

Table 2Sizes of test for Heston model

	5 %			10 %
	$n =$ 250	$n =$ 500	$n =$ 1000	$n =$ 250	$n =$ 500	$n =$ 1000
$X_{1 t}$	5.1	4.9	3.6	7.2	6.7	4.5
$X_{2 t}$	6.4	5.7	3.9	8.1	6.5	5.0
Total	4.7	5.1	3.3	7.1	6.1	4.4

4.2. Power evaluation

14

d [\begin{matrix} X_{1 t} \\ X_{2 t} \\ X_{3 t} \end{matrix}] = [\begin{matrix} 0.5 & 0 & 0 \\ - 0.2 & 1 & 0 \\ 0.1 & 0.2 & 2 \end{matrix}] [\begin{matrix} X_{1 t} \\ X_{2 t} \\ X_{3 t} \end{matrix}] d t + [\begin{matrix} 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 2 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 3 \end{matrix}] d W_{t},

15

d [\begin{matrix} X_{1 t} \\ X_{2 t} \\ X_{3 t} \end{matrix}] = [\begin{matrix} 0.5 & 0 & 0 \\ - 0.2 & 1 & 0 \\ 0.1 & 0.2 & 2 \end{matrix}] [\begin{matrix} X_{1 t} \\ X_{2 t} \\ X_{3 t} \end{matrix}] d t + [\begin{matrix} 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 2 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 3 \end{matrix}] d W_{t} .

Table 3 shows comparison result of $Q (j)$ our $T (θ)$ test. We can see that, for the two models, we can determine which factors cause the error of null hypothesis, and from the whole, it is good to reject the null hypothesis. It will not accept the wrong null hypothesis too much, even though some components may be assumed to be correct. For either the $T (θ)$ test or the $Q (j)$ test, the more the sample data $n$ is, the larger the $n$ is, the more significant the power is. For small samples. The power of the test needs to be improved, especially when $n = 250$ . In general, power of our test is not as good as the size. Due to the principle of hypothesis testing, we can only ask for the size of our test to be as good as possible with finite sample.

Table 3Power of Q(j) our T(θ) test (in parentheses)

	$X_{1 t}$	$X_{2 t}$	$X_{3 t}$	Total
Model 1
$n =$ 250	37.2 (24.2)	6.3 (4.9)	7.7 (3.2)	17.2 (9.4)
$n =$ 500	63.5 (50.8)	6.7 (4.8)	7.5 (5.2	27.2 (16.3)
$n =$ 1000	94.6 (97.4)	6.6 (4.7)	6.6 (4.7)	53.7 (48.3)
Model 2
$n =$ 250	38.4 (26.7)	26.3 (13.7)	6.7 (4.5)	32.2 (18.2)
$n =$ 500	74.2 (62.9)	48.1 (37.2)	7.2 (5.3)	65.7 (49.5)
$n =$ 1000	95.3 (98.3)	78.5 (72.4)	6.8 (5.9)	93.2 (91.1)

5. Conclusions

In this article, we have developed a goodness of fit test for multidimensional diffusion models with known drift function. We use TPDF directly to construct our test statistic. Our method is effective for most multidimensional diffusion models. And it has a good performance in empirical applications. Of course, there is something to be improved. Even though our test works for most situations, there are still some cases that have not been covered. Next, we will focus on the test of drift function.

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About this article

Received

22 March 2020

Accepted

09 April 2020

Published

29 June 2020

SUBJECTS

Mathematical models in engineering

DOI

https://doi.org/10.21595/vp.2020.21388

Keywords

multidimensional diffusion models

reducible diffusion

one-to-one transformation

hypothesis and test

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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W. Jun and C. Ping, “A test for multidimensional reducible diffusion models,” Vibroengineering PROCEDIA, Vol. 32, pp. 190–195, Jun. 2020, https://doi.org/10.21595/vp.2020.21388

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TY  - JOUR
DO  - 10.21595/vp.2020.21388
UR  - https://doi.org/10.21595/vp.2020.21388
TI  - A test for multidimensional reducible diffusion models
T2  - Vibroengineering PROCEDIA
AU  - Ping, Chen
AU  - Jun, Wang
PY  - 2020
DA  - 2020/06/29
PB  - JVE International Ltd.
SP  - 190-195
VL  - 32
SN  - 2345-0533
SN  - 2538-8479
ER  - 

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@article{Ping_2020,
	doi = {10.21595/vp.2020.21388},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.21595/vp.2020.21388},
	year = 2020,
	month = {jun},
	publisher = {{JVE} International Ltd.},
	volume = {32},
	pages = {190--195},
	author = {Chen Ping and Wang Jun},
	title = {A test for multidimensional reducible diffusion models},
	journal = {Vibroengineering {PROCEDIA}}
}

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[1]C. Ping and W. Jun, “A test for multidimensional reducible diffusion models,” Vibroengineering PROCEDIA, vol. 32, pp. 190–195, Jun. 2020, doi: 10.21595/vp.2020.21388.

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Ping, Chen, and Wang Jun. “A Test for Multidimensional Reducible Diffusion Models.” Vibroengineering PROCEDIA 32 (June 29, 2020): 190–95. https://doi.org/10.21595/vp.2020.21388.

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A test for multidimensional reducible diffusion models

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Setup and assumptions

3. Approach and test statistics

3.1. Reducible diffusions

3.2. Irreducible diffusions

3.3. Hypothesis and test statistics

4. Simulation experiment

4.1. Size evaluation

4.2. Power evaluation

5. Conclusions

References

About this article

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