Published: 03 November 2022

Eigen value approach with memory dependant derivative on homogeneous isotropic infinitely extended rotating plate of a finite thickness in absence of heat source

S. Chakraborty1
A. Lahiri2
B. Das3
1Department of Basic Science and Humanities, Techno International New Town, Kolkata, 700156, India
2Department of Mathematics, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700032, India
3Department of Mathematics, Bankura University, Bankura-722155, West Bengal, India
Corresponding Author:
S. Chakraborty
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Abstract

Our present manuscript is an attempt to derive a model of generalized thermoelasticity with dual phase lag heat conduction by using the methodology of memory dependent derivative for a isotropic rotating plate subject to the prescribed boundary conditions with constant magnetic and electric intensities. Two integral transform such as Laplace transform for time variable and Fourier transform for space variable are employed to the governing equations to formulate vector-matrix differential equation which is then solved by eigenvalue approach methodology. The inversion of two integral transformations is carried out using suitable numerical techniques. Numerical computations for displacement, thermal strain and stress component, temperature distribution are evaluated and presented graphically under influences of different physical parameters.

1. Introduction

At present, the theory of magneto thermo elasticity which deals with the interactions among the strain, temperature and magnetic field has attracted research personalities not only due to its extensive uses in different fields such as geophysics, for understanding the effects of the earth’s magnetic field, seismic waves, emission of electromagnetic radiations from nuclear devices etc., but also for its applications in different fields such as engineering, high energy The classical coupled thermo elasticity theory of Biot [1] includes the strain-rate gradient in particle accelerators, nuclear reactor’s design etc.

Fourier’s law of heat conduction equation which is transformed to parabolic type diffusion equation predicting infinite speed of propagation. Whereas Cattaneo [4] and Vernotte [18] theory admits the existence of thermal waves which propagate at a finite speed. Tzou [17] made the generalization of thermo elasticity theory with dual phase lag and suggested two different phase lags (DPL) in the Fourier Law of heat conduction in which the first is for the heat flux vector and the second for the temperature gradient. Generalization of thermo elasticity theory with two relaxation time has been made by Green and Lindsay [14] who obtained the explicit versions of the constitutive equations. Ezzat [10] obtained independently these equations and the fundamental solutions for this theory. Ezzat and El-Karamany [12] established the uniqueness and reciprocity theorems for anisotropic media. Ezzat, Othman and El-Karamany [13] introduced a formulation of the boundary integral equation method for generalized thermo elasticity with two relaxation times. The heat conduction equation and all the equations of motion were modified by Green and Lindsay [14] without violating Fourier Law introducing two relaxation time parameters.

Ibrahim A. Abbas et al. [20] [23] discussed fractional order thermoelasticity in infinite medium.

The theory of materials with voids or vacuous pores was first proposed by Jace W.Nunziato and Stephen C. Cowin [21] in 1979 and in a study [22] by Marin Marin, Mohamed I. A. Othman and Ibrahim A. Abbas in which the domain of influence theorem has been extended to cover the generalized thermoelasticity of anisotropic bodies with voids in the context of Lord-Shulman and Green-Lindsay theories where it was proved that for a finite time t> 0 the displacement field, the change in volume fraction and the temperature T generate no disturbance outside a bounded domain .

The G-N theory introduced by Green and Naghdi [15] is based on generalized thermo elasticity where thermal displacement gradient in the constitutive equations is considered.

So we are getting different types of problems which have been solved using different approaches:

Solutions of some problems are not convergent while involving potential functions, whereas they are actually convergent in physical problems.

Because physical problems with given initial and boundary conditions are directly related to considered physical quantities (like stress, strain, heat, temperature etc.) and space variables (displacement, time etc.) but not to potential function. Bahar and Hetnarski [3] discussed the limitations of using potential functions.

Solutions are found by state-space approach where Cayley-Hamilton theorem is applied to the co-efficient matrix of the field variables.

Sometimes solutions are found by Eigen value approach, as in Das and Lahiri [6] in which using the basic equations a vector matrix differential equation is formed and the solutions for the resulting field equations are found by evaluating the Eigen values and Eigen vector of the corresponding coefficient matrix.

The use of memory dependent derivative (MDD) in the Fourier law of heat conduction means that the heat conduction equation and the constitutive equations are modified with kernel function and the time delay in which they can be chosen freely which provides more flexible approaches to describe a material’s practical response.

According to Wang and Li [19], as a new alternative to the fractional order derivative, which has certain features that lead to difficulties when applied to real world problems, the concept of memory-dependent derivative is developed.

For a differentiable function f(t):

Dωft=1ωt-ωtKt-ηf(t)ηdη,

is called the ‘first order memory-dependent derivative’ at t relative to the time delay ω>0 , to denote memory dependence as, q+ωDωq˙=-kT, q being the heat flux relative to the temperature gradient and the kernel function Kt-η being differentiable at t and η can be chosen freely as follows:

Kt-η=1-2bωt-η+a2ω2(t-η)2=1, a=b=0, 1-t-ηω, a=0, b=12,1-t-η, a=0, b=ω2,1-t-ηω2, a=b=1,

where, a and b are constants.

Wang and Li [19] introduced memory-dependent derivative into Lord and Shulman [16] generalized thermoelasticity theory. Recently, Ezzat and Bary [11] also Ezzat, El-Karamany and El-Bary [12, 13] constructed a new generalized thermoelasticity as well as thermo-visco elasticity theory with memory-dependent derivatives.

The present study deals with the concept of “Memory dependent derivative” in heat transfer process in an elastic solid body in absence of heat source in the context of two-phase-lag model of generalized thermo elasticity. Two integral transform such as Laplace transform for time variable and Fourier transform for space variable are employed to the governing equations to formulate vector-matrix differential equation which is then solved by the eigen value approach methodology. The upper and lower surfaces of the plate are shear–stress free whereas a time dependent compression is given to the both surfacesand the entire elastic medium is also rotating with a uniform angular velocity. The inversion of Fourier transformation is carried out using suitable numerical techniques while numerical inversion of Laplace transformation is done by Bellman’s method. Numerical computations for displacement, thermal strain and stress component, temperature distribution are evaluated and presented graphically under influences of different physical parameters.

2. Mathematical model

As discussed in Chakraborty, Das and Lahiri [5], in the fields relating to generalized magneto thermoelasticity with memory-dependent derivative, the displacements and the thermal fields as well as the stress-strain-temperature relations for a linear isotropic medium take the following forms:

The equation of motion:

1
σij,j+Fi=ρ u¨i+Ω×Ω×ui+2Ω×u˙i,

where, F=J×B=μ0J×H represents the Lorentz’s force.

The generalized heat conduction equation with memory dependent derivative (MDD) in absence of heat source:

2
k1+t1DωT,ii=ρCE1+τ0Dω+t22Dω2T˙+1+n0τ0Dω+t22Dω2γT0e˙.

The constitutive stress components are:

3
σij=2μeij+λeδij-γ1+ν0tTδij.

The strain displacement components are:

4
ei,j=12ui,j+uj,i,

where, electro-magnetic field components are satisfying the Maxwell’s equation which is given by:

5
J=curl h-ε0E˙, curl E=-μ0ht, div h=0, E=-μ0u˙×H,
B=μ0h+H, D=ε0E .

Conventionally, we can conclude the following four renowned theories such as:

For classical thermoelasticity (CD) theory [1]: t1=t2=ν=τ0=n0=0.

For Lord and Shulman (LS) theory [16], generalized thermoelastic formulation with one relaxation time parameter:t1=t2=ν=0,τ0>0, n0=0, where ω0 and Dωftf(t)t.

For Green and Lindsay (GL) theory [14], generalized thermoelastic formulation with two relaxation time parameter: t1=t2=n0=0, ντ0>0, where ω 0 and Dωftf(t)t.

For dual-phase-lag (DPL) theory [17], t1>0, τ0>0, t22=12τ02, n0=ν= 1, where ω0 and Dωftf(t)t.

Where, ui are displacement components, e is the cubical dilatation, t is time variable, ν0, τ0 are thermal relaxation time parameters, n0 is constant positive number, t1, t2 are dual-phase-lag parameters, J is electric current density vector, B is magnetic induction vector, D is electric induction vector, T is absolute thermo dynamical temperature distribution, T0 is reference temperature chosen such that T-T0T0 1, ρ is density of the medium, μ0 is magnetic permeability, ε0 is electric permeability, δij is Kronecker’s delta tensor, α02 is Alfen velocity =μ0H02ρ, c2 is velocity of light =1/μ0ε0, c22 is velocity of transverse waves =μ/ρ, CE is Specific heat at constant strain, λ, μ are Lame’s Constant, αT is coefficient of linear thermal expansion, γ=3λ+2μαT, k is coefficient of thermal conductivity, ε=γ2T0/ρCE(λ+2μ) is the thermal coupling parameter and ρ is density of the material.

3. Formulation of physical problem

Here, the problem is considered for a homogeneous and rotating isotropic infinitely extended thick plate of a finite thickness 2L along the x-axis occupying region R=x,y,z:-L<x<L,-<y<, as shown in Fig. 1.

We get the displacement components as u=ux,y,t, vx,y,t,0 with cubical dilatation, electric and induced magnetic intensities are given by:

6
e=div u=ux+vy, E=μ0H0-v˙, u˙,0, h=-H0(0,0,e).

Fig. 1Isotropic elastic plate

Isotropic elastic plate

In absence of body force and internal heat source, we get the equation of motion for the Lorentz’s force as:

7
ρ2ut2-Ω2u-2Ωvt=λ+2μ2ux2+μ2uy2+λ+μ2vxy-γTx+ν02Ttx+μ0H0J2,
8
ρ2vt2-Ω2v+2Ωut=λ+2μ2vx2+μ2vy2+λ+μ2uxy-γTy+ν02Tty-μ0H0J1.

The heat conduction equation with MDD is:

9
k2Tx2+2Ty2+t1ωt-ωtKt-ξξ2Tx2+2Ty2dξ=ρcETt+γT02utx+2vty
+τ0ωt-ωtKt-ξρcE2Tξ2+n0γT03uxξ2+3vyξ2dξ
+t22ωt-ωtK(t-ξ)ρcE3Tξ3+ γT04uxξ3+4vyξ3dξ,

and the constitutive stress components are:

10
σxx=λ+2μux+λvy-γ1+ν0tθ,
σyy=λ+2μvy+λux-γ1+ν0tθ,
σxy=μuy+vx.

We now define the following non-dimensional variables:

11
(x*,y*,u*,v*)=c0η0 x,y,u,v,t*,τ0*,ν0*=c02η0 t, τ0, ν0,
σij*=σijμ , θ*=γλ+2μT , Ei*,h*, Ji*= 1H0Eiμ0c0 ,h , Jiη0c0.

Using the non-dimensional variables and for convenience omitting ‘*’ symbol, we can get the non-dimensional form of the Eqs. (5-10) such as:

12
e=div u=ux+vy, J=curl h-c12E˙, E=-v˙,u˙,0, h=-0,0,e,
13
α02ut2-ε3u-ε4vt=β22ux2+β2-12vxy+2uy2-β2θx+ν02θtx,
14
α02vt2-ε3v+ε4ut=2vx2+β22vy2+β2-12uxy-β2θy+ν02θty,
15
2θx2+2θy2+t1ωt-ωtkt-ξξ2θx2+2θy2dξ=θt+ε12utx+2vty
+τ0ωt-ωtkt-ξε22θξ2+n0ε13uxξ2+3vyξ2dξ
+t22ωt-ωtk(t-ξ)ε23θξ3+ε14uxξ3+4vyξ3dξ,
16
σxx=β02ux+β02-2vy-β021+ν0tθ ,
σyy=β02vy+β02-2ux-β021+ν0tθ, σxy=uy+vx,

where:

17
α=α02c2+1, c02=λ+2μρ+α02, β2=c02c22 , α0=αβ2, c12=c02c2 ,
β02=λ+2μμ, ε=γ2T0ρCe(λ+2μ) , T0=ρ02c02γ , η0=ρCek ,
α02=μ0H02ρ, c2=1μ0ε0, c22=μρ.

From now and on the kernel function Kt-ξ can be chosen freely as follows:

18
Kt-ξ=1-2bωt-ξ+a2ω2(t-ξ)2=1, a=b=0, 1-t-ξω, a=0, b=12,1-t-ξ, a=0, b=ω2,1-t-ξω2, a=b=1,

where, a and b are constants.

4. Solution procedure in laplace and fourier transform domain

The definition of Laplace and Fourier transform of a function f(x,y,t) is given by:

19
f-x,y,s=Lfx,y,t=0f(x,y,t)e-stdt, Res>0.
F-x,ψ,s=Ff-(x,y,s)=0f-(x,y,s)e-iψydy

Since, Lt-ωtK(t-ξ)f'(x,y,ξ)dξ=f-(x,y,s)G¯(x,ψ,s), where, G¯(x,ψ,s)=1-2bω+2a2ω2s2-e-ωs1-2b+a2+2(a2-b2)ωs+2a2ω2s2.

Taking Laplace and Fourier transform [defined by the Eq. (19)] of the Eqs. (13-15) and omitting the bar symbol, we get:

20
α0s2-ε3+ψ2U-ε4s V=β22Ux2-iβ2-1ψVx-β21+ν0sΘx,
21
α0s2-ε3+ψ2β2V+ε4s U=2Vx2-iβ2-1ψUx+iβ21+ν0sψΘ,
22
1+t1ωG2Θx2-1+t1ωGψ2Θ=s+τ0s ε2ωG+t22s2ε2ωGΘ+ε1s+τ0ε1n0ωG+t22s2ε1ωGUx+-iε1sψ-iτ0ε1n0ωGψ-it22s2ε1ωGψV

As in Das, Chakraborty and Lahiri [8] also in Das and Lahiri [7], Eqs. (20-22) can be written as:

23
Dv_x,ψ,s= A_ψ,sv_x,ψ,s , Dddx,

where, v_x,ψ,s= [U V Θ DU DV DΘ]T and the coefficient matrix A_ψ,s is given in the “Appendix”.

For the solution of the vector-matrix differential equation (23), we now apply the method of Eigen value method as in Das, Chakraborty and Lahiri [9] also in Das and Lahiri [8]. The characteristic equation of the matrix A_ψ,s can be written as:

24
λ6+m1λ4+m2λ3 +m3λ2+m4 λ+m5=0 .

The roots of the characteristic Eq. (24) are: λ=±λi, where, i = 1(1)3, which are also the eigenvalues of the matrix A_ and the corresponding eigenvector Vi corresponding to the eigenvalue λi can be calculated as: Vi=[X]λ= ±λi, i=1(1)3, where, the values of mis, i=1(1)5, are given in Appendix.

Considering the regularity condition at infinity, as in Das, Chakraborty and Lahiri [9] also in Das and Lahiri [8], the general solution of the vector-matrix differential Eq. (23) can be written as:

25
u, v,θ=j=16(xj1 , xj2, xj3)Ajeλjx,

and Eq. (16) also gives the expressions for stress components such as:

26
σyy=M21i=16Aixi2eλix+M22i=16Aiλixi1eλix+M23i=16Aixi3eλix,
σxx=M11i=16Aiλixi1eλix+M12i=16Aixi2eλix+M13i=16Aixi3eλix,
σxy=M31i=16Aixi1eλix+M32i=16Aiλixi2eλix.

Aj's are the arbitrary constants which are determined from the following boundary conditions and the values of Mij’s and xij are given in Appendix.

5. boundary conditions

The boundary conditions are described as follows:

5.1. Thermal boundary condition

The temperature gradient is zero to the both thermally insulated surfaces x=±L of the plate that is:

27
Tx=0, x=± L.

5.2. Mechanical boundary condition

The upper and lower surface of the plate is shear-stress free whereas a time dependent compression is given to the both surfaces i.e.:

28
σxx=-p0y,tμ, x=± L, σxy= 0, x=± L.

To get the values of Aj's, we apply Eq. (11) and (19) to the Eqs. (27) and (28) also using Eqs. (25) and (26), we obtain a system of simultaneous equations satisfied by the arbitrary constants, which are given in Appendix.

6. Numerical results and discussions

The inversion procedure of Laplace and Fourier transform for the expressions of displacement components, temperature distribution and stress components in space-time domain are very much complicated. For this purpose, we prefer to use an efficient computer programme using suitable programming language for the inversion of two integral transforms. Inversion of Laplace transform for the time variable is carried out numerically using Bellman [2] method whereas the inversion of Fourier transform for the space variable is carried out by Gaussian formula for fixed values of x and y.

In the process of numerical calculation, we consider the homogeneous, isotropic, thermally and electrically conducting material medium as that of copper. The material constants (in SI unit) are given by λ= 7.76×1010; μ= 3.86×1010; αt= 1.78×10-5; H0=107/4π; L= 1, T0= 293; CE= 383.1; τ= 5.5; ρ= 8954; a= 0.3; b= 0.4.

7. Graphical analysis

Figs. 2 and 3 depict the variations of stress (σxx) versus the space variable (x) which is the depth of the plate for fixed values of time t=t1, t=t3 and t=t5 and rotation Ω= 10 and 30 respectively. As mentioned earlier for the freely choices of the values of kernel function Kt-ξ, such as Kt-ξ=1, 1-t-ξω, 1-t-ξ, 1-t-ξω2, it clearly shows that the magnitude of normal stress σxx vanishes on the upper and lower surfaces of the plate for the same set of values of parameters used in this problem. For the illustration of the stress component σxx it is also very much important the role of the kernel function t-ξ. It is obviously seen that at the lower boundary x = - L of the plate, σxx attains maximum for Kt-ξ= 1-t-ξω2 than 1-t-ξω which is also maximum for Kt-ξ= 1 than Kt-ξ=1-t-ξ. The values of stress (σxx) is almost parallel for the fixed values of time t=t1, t=t3 and t=t5 at the middle region of the plate. It is clearly shown from this figures that the stress component (σxx) is extensive in nature throughout the whole region -L x L, it also attains the maximum value at x= ± 0.8. These two figures show that the magnitude of stress (σxx) sharply increases and also attains the maximum value at the lower boundary of the plate and similarly at the upper boundary, it sharply decreases and finally vanishes.

Figs. 4 and 5 give the variations of the shearing stress component (σxy) against the depth of the isotropic plate for the same set of values of the parameters used in the MDD model. Here, Fig. 4 is for the value of rotation Ω= 10 and Fig. 5 is for Ω= 50. It gives the maximum value at x= ± 0.8 and no significant changes in the middle region (-0.6x0.6) of the plate.

Figs. 6 and 7 have been plotted to study the variation of stress (σyy) against the depth of the plate (x). The value of kernel function is taken to be Kt-ξ= 1-t-ξω, where, ω= 0.01 and t=t1, t=t3 and t=t5. The qualitative behavior of the stress component (σyy) is given by these two figures for different values of rotation (Ω) and time. The three different values of rotation are taken as Ω= 10 and 30 respectively. The stress component (σyy) also vanishes at the both lower and upper surfaces of the plate whereas the value of σyy increases and decreases at the region of the plate -1x-0.4 and 0.4x1 respectively. In the region,-0.4x0.4, it is almost parallel to each other and significant changes occur.

Fig. 2Distribution of stress component (σxx) versus x at fixed values of time (t) and rotation Ω

Distribution of stress component (σxx) versus x at fixed values of time (t) and rotation Ω

Fig. 3Variation stress component (σxx) versus x for fixed values of time (t) and rotation Ω

Variation stress component (σxx) versus x for fixed values of time (t) and rotation Ω

Fig. 4Distribution of stress (σxy) versus x for fixed values of time (t) and rotation Ω

Distribution of stress (σxy) versus x for fixed values of time (t) and rotation Ω

Fig. 5Distribution of stress component (σxy) versus x for fixed values of time (t) and rotation Ω

Distribution of stress component (σxy) versus x for fixed values of time (t) and rotation Ω

In Fig. 8, the variation of temperature (Θ) is found for the different choices of the kernel function Kt-ξ and the constant values of ‘a’ and ‘b’ also for fixed value of time t=t5. The magnitude of temperature decreases up to x 0.2 for different values of kernel function Kt-ξ.

In Fig. 9, the variation of temperature (Θ) is found for the different x. The magnitude of temperature decreases up to x 0.2 and no significant changes occur in the region 0.2 x 0.35.

Fig. 6Distribution of stress component (σyy) versus x for fixed values of time (t) and rotation Ω

Distribution of stress component (σyy) versus x for fixed values of time (t) and rotation Ω

Fig. 7Distribution of stress component (σyy) versus x for fixed values of time (t) and rotation Ω

Distribution of stress component (σyy) versus x for fixed values of time (t) and rotation Ω

Fig. 8Distribution of temperature Θ versus x for fixed values of kernel function [Kt-ξ]

Distribution of temperature Θ versus x for fixed values of kernel function [Kt-ξ]

Fig. 9Distribution of temperature Θ versus x for different time

Distribution of temperature Θ versus x for different time

8. Application

As a new alternative to the Integral Order Calculus and Fractional Order Calculus, having certain features that lead to difficulties when applied to real world fields, such as geophysics, for understanding the effects of the earth’s magnetic field, seismic waves, emission of electromagnetic radiations from nuclear devices, engineering, high energy particle accelerators, nuclear reactor’s designing etc., the concept of Memory-Dependent Derivative was developed. We get more accurate results than the others while using Laplace and Fourier Transformations with time parameters and kernel function with the time-delay parameter.

The results will guide us to slove a 2-D problem with dynamic response of memory-dependent derivatives in homogeneous isotropic magneto-thermoelastic medium with two temperatures which is advantageous to successful applications of memory dependence in heat conduction.

9. Conclusions

The main goal of this article is to introduce a unified new model of generalized magneto thermoelasticity theory with time delay ω (>0) and the kernel function Kt-ξ using the definition for reflection of the memory effect. The form of the kernel function for time delaying memory effect can be chosen freely according to the various applications of the problems. Graphical representations are also explained the necessary importance for the stress distributions in the medium of the plate. Therefore, we can conclude that

1) Thermally and mechanically disturbances are very clear in the neighboring region of the upper and lower surfaces of the plate. No significant disturbance occurred in the middle plane or neighboring region of the middle plane.

2) Significant variations of temperature (Θ) are observed for different choices of kernel functions. To analyze the time delaying memory effect, it is more fruitful to us to deal with different value of kernel function and it is also more realistic and eventually more compatible to the physical aspects.

3) This problem may be reduced to the simple generalized magneto thermo-elastic model using more conventional Fourier’s law of heat conduction equation defining the values of kernel function as constant and one can compared this result as existing literature.

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About this article

Received
28 May 2022
Accepted
11 September 2022
Published
03 November 2022
Keywords
magnetothermoelasticity
memory dependent derivative
dual phase-lag model and vector-matrix differential equation
Acknowledgements

The authors have not disclosed any funding.

Data Availability

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.