Published: 15 February 2018

Cantilever model with curvature nonlinearity and longitudinal inertia excited by lateral basal moments being Gaussian white noise

Gen Ge1
Wangkai Yan2
1, 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin, 300160, P. R. China
Corresponding Author:
Gen Ge
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Abstract

A slender in-extensional cantilever model excited by this transverse pedestal moments with the form of the Gaussian white noise was studied. The purpose of this paper was to explore how the geometrical nonlinearity influence the responses of the model excited by the Gaussian white noise. The curvature nonlinearity and inertia nonlinearity problems were addressed emphatically. The standard stochastic averaging method was applied to simplify the system into the Ito functions of amplitude and phase. Stationary probability density function (PDF) of amplitude, the joint PDF of the displacement and velocity together with the reliability function and the probability density of the first passage failure time were studied theoretically and numerically. The theoretical approximations coincide with the digital results very well when noise density is not too large. When the noise is stronger, a prediction-correction method was proposed to improve the predicting performance. Numerical simulations verified the effectiveness of this approach.

1. Introduction

Cantilever, as a kind of widely used basic structure, has drawn increasing interests in its dynamical problems in recent decades. In late years, response of cantilever subject to random excitation has arisen accelerating attention of researchers. The most prevalent method to study the structure vibration under random excitation is the stochastic finite element method (FEM). It is an effective numerical method that can directly obtain the response of the structures during simulation. Since the 1980s, this method has been widely employed and developed [1-4]. By now, compared with the numerical simulation methods i.e. FEM, theoretical model researches are far from abundant. Feng et al. [5-8]studied responses of cantilever model under narrow bounded noise excitation by the multi-time-scale method, the stochastic stability has been investigated, and the stochastic jumping phenomena has been observed. Koralek et al. [9] researched a atom force microscope cantilever excited by Gaussian white noise. Friswell et al. [10] analyzed responses of a randomly excited cantilever energy harvester. G. K. Er et al. [11] investigated a cantilever excited by lateral and axial excitations being Gaussian white noise, the model was treated as a multiple degree of freedom vibrating system and the probabilistic solutions were obtained by the state-space-split method. Those model researches about Gaussian white noise excitations seldom considered the nonlinear character, such as curvature nonlinearity and longitudinal inertia, induced by the geometrical deformation of the beam.

In this paper, a slender in-extensional cantilever model transversely excited by the Gaussian white noise at pedestal was studied. As well known, curvature nonlinearity [12, 13] and longitudinal inertia [14] have significant influence on the responses. Anderson and Nayfeh [12] studied the importance of the nonlinear curvature in the response of a cantilever under deterministic excitation experimentally and theoretically. In reference [13], stability analysis of axially oscillating cantilever beams excited by harmonic excitations were studied after considering the longitudinal inertia. In view of the fact that formal researches [9-11] who study the random vibrations usually focused on linear models, we concentrated on the model with curvature nonlinearity and inertia nonlinearity, and on the responses caused by the nonlinearity characters. Firstly, the inertia nonlinear term was expanded into Taylor series and the first two terms of them were kept. Then, the standard stochastic averaging method [15] was applied to simplify the system into two independent Ito functions of amplitude and phase, respectively. Subsequently, the stationary probability density function (PDF) of amplitude together with the joint PDF of the displacement and velocity were all given. After that, the reliability function and the probability density of the first passage failure time were studied theoretically and numerically. When the noise density is not too large, the theoretical approximations coincide with the digital results very well. While if noise density exceeds some certain threshold value, the theoretical approximation is less than perfect. One can find the theoretical results differ from the digital results slightly. Analysis showed that two main reasons lead to the error. One is the nonlinear stiffness term which will affect the response frequency, another is the truncation error happening during the Taylor series expanding. Finally, in section 5, a prediction-correction method was proposed to improve the performance of the theoretical predicting. Consequently, a new PDF of amplitude was obtained. After frequency variation induced by nonlinear stiffness was taken into account, numerical results verified the effectiveness of this modification.

2. Formulation

A well known dynamic model governing a slender in-extendable cantilever under basal transverse excitation was presented as follows [6-7, 16]. The deduction procedure was in the Appendix:

1
m0Lϕi2dsq¨i+EI0Lϕi''2dsqi+2EI0Lϕi''2ϕi'2dsqi3+m0L0sϕi'2ds2dsqiq˙i2+qi2q¨i=-0Lϕidszt,

where q(t) denotes the variable separated displacement function, ϕ(s) denotes the module function:

2
ϕis=coshλis-cosλis+cosλi+coshλisinλi+sinhλisinλis-sinhλis,

where λi are the roots of the character function1+cos(λ)cosh(λ)= 0, the first two of them are λ1= 1.8751, λ2= 4.6941. In this paper, we focus on the first module which is usually the most important. The transverse displacement of the cantilever is expressed as: w(s,t)=q(t)ϕ(s). The beam was characterized by: the mass per unit length m, the bending stiffness EI, length L, and the acceleration of the transversal motion of the pedestal zt. The symbol s denotes the axial Lagrange coordinate, (') denotes partial derivative with respect to s, () denotes partial derivative with respect to time t.

Considering the linear damping cw˙ and introducing the dimensionless transformation ξ=s/L, y=q/L, η=z/L, τ=t/T, T=1λ12mL4/EI. The parameters are listed in the Table 1.

The dimensionless equation was obtained as:

3
y¨+μy˙+ω02y+α1y3+α2yy˙2+y2y¨=γητ,

where the coefficients are:

ω02=1λ1401ϕ1''2dξ=1, α1=2λ1401ϕ1''2ϕ1'2dξ=3.2712,
α2=010ξϕ1'2dξdξ=4.5967, γ=01ϕ1dξ=0.7830, μ=cmλ12T.

Table 1The parameters of the model

L
Length of the cantilever
qt
Variable separated transverse displacement
t
Time
ϕ(s)
Modular function
m
Mass per unit length
T
Character time scale
E
Young's module
τ
Dimensionless time
I
Inertia moment
ξ
Dimensionless axial coordinate
z
Acceleration of the base
y
Dimensionless transverse displacement
s
Axial Lagrange coordinate
η
Dimensionless acceleration of the base
ws,t
Transverse displacement

It is hypothesized that the basal transverse acceleration is the Gaussian white noise with zero mean, noise density D, and the correlation function E[z(τ)z(τ+Δτ)]=Dδ(Δτ), where δ(Δτ) is the Dirac function.

As well known, the stochastic averaging method can be used in equations with the form of y¨+g(y)+c(y,y˙)=f(y,y˙)η(t), which are called as the normalized equation, where y¨ is the inertia term, g(y) is the stiffness term, c(y,y˙) is the damping term, and f(y,y˙)η(t) is the exciting term. But in Eq. (3), the inertia term is(α2y2+1)y¨, which is different from the normalized equation and may leave us some difficulties in applying stochastic averaging. The reason how this term turns out has been explicated in the appendix.

Then, Eq. (3) can be rewritten as:

4
y¨+μy˙1+α2y2+ω021+α2y2y+α11+α2y2y3+α21+α2y2yy˙2=γ11+α2y2ητ.

Assuming the dimensionless displacement y is smaller than 1, one can presume α2y21. For convenience, one can obtain 1/1+α2y21-α2y2 by the Taylor series expanding. Substituting it into Eq. (4) and ignoring the nonlinear terms with order larger than 3, the Eq. (4) can be transformed to be:

5
y¨+ω02y+α1-ω02α2y3+μy˙1-α2y2+α2yy˙21-α2y2=γ1-α2y2ητ.

Which is convenient for applying the stochastic averaging method.

Comparing the Eq. (5) with the governing motion equation in reference [11], it is obvious that we have the nonlinear stiffness term (α1-ω02α2)y3 and the nonlinear damping term α2yy˙2(1-α2y2), while the linear model in reference [11] doesn't have these mentioned terms. The effects of these nonlinear terms in narrowband noise excited equations have been illustrated in reference [6-8]. In the following section, we focus on the stochastic averaging method.

3. Standard stochastic averaging method

For convenience, the dimensionless time τ was still written as t in the following text. At first, the coordinate transformation is introduced:

6
y=Acosθ, y˙=-Aω0sinθ, θ=ω0t+φ.

The premise of this transformation is that the influence of the nonlinear stiffness terms to the response frequency is weak enough. Thus, the response frequency can still be taken as ω0. The effectiveness of this assumption will be discussed and verified by numerical simulations later.

Substituting Eq. (6) into Eq. (5) yields:

7
dAdt=F1A,θ+g1A,θητ,dφdt=F2A,θ+g2A,θητ,

where:

F1=1ω0sinθA3α1cos3θ-Aω0sinθμ1-A2α2cos2θ+A3α2ω02cosθsin2θ1-A2α2cos2θ,g1=-1ω0γsinθ1-α2A2cos2θ,F2=1Aω0cosθA3α1cos3θ-Aω0sinθμ(1-A2α2cos2θ)+A3α2ω02cosθsin2θ1-A2α2cos2θ,g1=-1Aω0γcosθ1-α2A2cos2θ.

Applying the stochastic averaging [15] to Eq. (7), one obtains two independent Ito random differential equations about amplitude A and phase φ.

8
dA=18α2μ+5α22γ2D32ω2A3-3α2γ2D8ω2+μ2A+γ2D4Aω2dt+14γ2DA2α2A2α2-4+8ω2dW1,
9
dφ=-5α1α216ω0+116α22ω0A4+3α18ω0+18α2ω0A2dt+14γ2DA2α25a2α2-12+8A2ω02dW2,

where W1τ, W2(τ) denote standard Wiener process.

Compared with the phase, the interests are more focused on amplitude A. Then we take the amplitude A in Eq. (8) as a one dimensional Markov process. The draft coefficient and the diffusion coefficient are:

10
mA=18α2μ+5α22γ2D32ω02A3-3α2γ2D8ω02+μ2A+γ2D4Aω02,
11
σ2A=γ2DA2α2A2α2-4+816ω02.

The probability density of stationary response can be determined by Fokker-Planck-Kolmogorov equation (FPK):

12
pt=-mApA+12σ2A2pA2.

The steady state solution of Eq. (12) can be got by letting p/t= 0, then one get:

13
pA=Nσ2Aexp2mAσ2AdA,

where N is the normalization coefficient.

Substituting Eqs. (10), (11) into Eq. (13), the stationary probability density function of amplitude A can be shows as follows:

14
pA=NAexp2μω02arctan2-2+A2α2Dα2γ28-4A2α2+A4α22μω02Dα2γ2.

The numerical simulation parameters were chosen as: non-dimensional linear damping coefficient μ= 0.3, noise density D= 0.01, 0.02, 0.03 and 0.05 separately, time step Δt= 0.005, initial values y(0)=y˙(0)= 0, and other coefficients were seen in Eq. (3). Totally 5 000 sets of white noise of each noise density D were imposed to the original system (3), each set of noise includes 30 000 numbers. The numerical solutions of the oscillator Eq. (3) could be obtained by an order-4 stochastic Runge-Kutta algorithm. The last 20 000 dots were kept as the steady state responses. The amplitude was taken as A=y2+y˙2/ω02. The steady states probability density function (PDF) of the amplitude were shown in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1Stationary PDF of amplitude (solid lines: theoretical approximation; dots: numerical simulation)

Stationary PDF of amplitude (solid lines: theoretical approximation; dots: numerical simulation)

The solid lines in Fig. 1 present the analytical solution given by Eq. (14), the dots are obtained by numerical simulations. With noise density D increasing from 0.01 to 0.03, the theoretical approximations coincide with the simulation results very well, which suggests that taking response frequency as ω0 (in Eq. (6)) in this case is appropriate. As one sees, the larger noise density becomes, the larger horizontal coordinate A in accordance with the lower peak value pA becomes. In physical view of point, large noise density leads to lager mean value and lager variance of amplitudes. The relations between the parameters can be understood like is: for example, the climax of the curve noted as D= 0.01 has a horizon coordinate A= 0.1, which means the amplitude of dimensionless displacement y was most probably responded as 10 % percent of the length of the beam L. Subsequently, w(s,t)=q(t)ϕ(s) suggested the tip end of the cantilever vibrated with the most potential displacement as 10 % of the length of the cantilever.

When the noise density D was increased to 0.05, one sees the analytical solution differs from the digital results slightly. The errors may be mainly induced by two reasons. One is the limitation of the standard averaging method, the other is the truncation error during the transformation from Eq. (4) to Eq. (5). As well known the standard averaging method has excellent performance is predicting stochastic quasi-linear systems. During the procedure, the effect of nonlinear stiffness terms will be eliminated. When the response amplitude is limited, the frequency influenced by nonlinear stiffness term (α1-ω02α2)y3 can be neglected. Thus, the accuracy of prediction is good enough. But, with noise density D raised to 0.05, the influence of the nonlinear stiffness term on the frequency is gradually visible. Then the error is hard to ignore. On the other hand, the approximation 1/1+α2y21-α2y2 could be of enough accuracy only with the presupposition that α2y21 is satisfied. The increasing noise density will result in increasing α2y2 which leads to truncation error.

However, when D is chosen as 0.05, as seen in Fig. 1, the error is not so large and the prediction result is acceptable. The amplitude in accordance with peak value of the PDF is A= 0.21, which suggests amplitude equals to 21 % of the cantilever length in real condition. This magnitude of amplitude will be large enough in engineering applications. One can see the standard averaging method can offer acceptable performance when the accuracy demand is not so strict. If more precise prediction is demanded, the truncation error must be reduced, and the assumption of the stationary response cannot be of the Eq. (6) form, i.e. the amplitude expression:

A=y2+1ω02y˙2.

In numerical simulation will be modified. The modifications will be detailed in section 5.

By now, the joint probability density of displacementyand velocityy˙can be gained by simple transformation to the probability density of amplitude (Eq. 14) if the error can be ignored. The average time period is T=2π/ω0, then one get:

15
py,y˙=1T1ω02ApAA=ω02y2+y˙2.

The parameters in simulation were chosen as the same as those chosen in Fig. 1. 40×40 grids were subdivided between displacement-0.4y0.4and velocity -0.4y˙0.4. The statistics results were shown in Fig. 2. The Fig. 2(a, c, e, g) showed the analytic results by Eq. (15), while Fig. 2(b, d, f, h) showed the numerical results. It is obvious that the analytic results coincide with the digital results.

4. Reliability and the first passage failure

In engineering applications, the amplitude is usually restrained to guarantee the safety. If the amplitude exceeds a threshold value Ac, the cantilever could have the risk of damage. The conditional reliability function, denoted by R(TA0), is defined as the probability of amplitude A could endure within the safe domain Ω=[0,Ac] with the time increasing for t= 0 to t=T given an initial amplitude A0 being in the safe domain Ω i.e.:

16
RTA0=PAtΩ,t0,TA0=A0Ω.

The conditional transition probability density is governed by the backward Kolmogorov (BK) equation with drift coefficient m(A) and diffusion coefficient σ(A) defined by Eq. (10). It can be shown that the conditional reliability function satisfies the following BK equation:

17
Rt=mA0RA0+12σ2A02RA02.

The initial condition and the boundary conditions associated with Eq. (17) are:

18
R0A0=1, A00,Ac,
19
RTA0=0, A0=Ac,
20
RA=0, A0=0.

Fig. 2Stationary joint PDF of displacement and velocity: a), b) D= 0.01, c), d) D= 0.02, e), f) D= 0.03, g), h) D= 0.05)

Stationary joint PDF of displacement and velocity: a), b) D= 0.01, c), d) D= 0.02,  e), f) D= 0.03, g), h) D= 0.05)

a)

Stationary joint PDF of displacement and velocity: a), b) D= 0.01, c), d) D= 0.02,  e), f) D= 0.03, g), h) D= 0.05)

b)

Stationary joint PDF of displacement and velocity: a), b) D= 0.01, c), d) D= 0.02,  e), f) D= 0.03, g), h) D= 0.05)

c)

Stationary joint PDF of displacement and velocity: a), b) D= 0.01, c), d) D= 0.02,  e), f) D= 0.03, g), h) D= 0.05)

d)

Stationary joint PDF of displacement and velocity: a), b) D= 0.01, c), d) D= 0.02,  e), f) D= 0.03, g), h) D= 0.05)

e)

Stationary joint PDF of displacement and velocity: a), b) D= 0.01, c), d) D= 0.02,  e), f) D= 0.03, g), h) D= 0.05)

f)

Stationary joint PDF of displacement and velocity: a), b) D= 0.01, c), d) D= 0.02,  e), f) D= 0.03, g), h) D= 0.05)

g)

Stationary joint PDF of displacement and velocity: a), b) D= 0.01, c), d) D= 0.02,  e), f) D= 0.03, g), h) D= 0.05)

h)

It is reasonable to assume that the first-passage occurs once A exceeds certain critical value A=Ac for the first time. Obviously, conditional damage probability can be defined as following:

21
FTA0=1-RTA0.

The conditional probability density of first passage time [17, 18] can be obtained from the conditional reliability function as follows:

22
fTA0=Ft=-Rt.

When the numerical simulations were carried out, 10 000 sets of noise for each noise density D were imposed to the system. Each set has 2 000 numbers with a time step 0.05, which means the reliability within10 units of dimensionless time was calculated, i.e. T= 10 in Eq. (16). Initial value was taken as A0= 0, and the threshold value was taken as Ac= 0.2. The reliability can be seen in Fig. 3.

Both the theoretical solutions and digital simulation results were all given in Fig. 3. During the numerical simulation, 10 000 sets of noises signal were imposing into this system Eq. (4) for each noise density. Subsequently, we chose a time gap as 0.25, which mean statistic would be done at dimensionless time nodes 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 10. At each time node n×0.25, n= 1, 2, 3,…, 40, we counted the numbers of the noise input sets N could guarantee the maximum amplitude less than Ac= 0.2 within the time span [0,n×0.25]. Then we calculated the percentage of the reliability Rt by N/10000 at each time node. The separated dots in Fig. 3 are the statistic results. The precision of the BK function predicting the reliability of the actuator is good enough in view of the fact that the digital dots obtained by simulation directly of Eq. (4) are so close to the solid lines solved form Eq. (17) by finite difference method. The errors exist because the diffusion coefficient and draft coefficient in Eq. (17) are just approximations solved by stochastic averaging. However, when the noise density is weaker the reliability decreases slower and the prediction accuracy is better. And the lager the noise density becomes, the faster the reliability decreases and the more visible the error becomes.

Similar to the numerical procedure in Fig. 3, the time gap was chosen as 0.25, we counted the times of the responses exceed Ac= 0.2 for the first time for each set of noise inputs. We can understand the Fig. 4 like this: for example, the peak value of the curve noted by D= 0.05 has a horizon coordinate t= 0.7, which means under the noise density D= 0.05 the response amplitude will most probably exceed Ac= 0.2 at time 0.7. In other words, the system will not be guaranteed to be safe after 0.7 dimensionless time.

Fig. 3Reliability function of the amplitude (solid lines: theoretical results; dots: numerical simulation)

Reliability function of the amplitude  (solid lines: theoretical results;  dots: numerical simulation)

Fig. 4probability density of the first passage failure time (solid lines: theoretical results; dots: numerical simulation)

probability density of the first passage  failure time (solid lines: theoretical results;  dots: numerical simulation)

The probability of first passage failure time given by Eq. (22) differs from the digital results slightly at the peak position. We see the theoretical peak value is higher than the digital value. However, the time coordinates in accordance with the peaks are almost the same. For application, people only need to know when the amplitude will most likely to exceed the threshold value Ac.

5. Prediction-correction method

When the noise density is large, as seen in Fig. 1, the A coordinate associated with climax of PDF curve noted by D= 0.05 reached 0.2, which means the tip end of the cantilever has an amplitude as large as 20 % of the beam length. In this circumstance, α2y2 cannot be assumed as far less than 1. Thus, the approximation 1/1+α2y21-α2y2 should be modified. α2y2 can be assumed that it nearly equals to one undetermined constant k which is to be predicted by formal standard stochastic averaging PDF Eq. (14). The new transformation can be obtained as:

23
11+α2y2=1(1+k)(1+α2y2-k1+k)11+k1-α2y2-k1+k=1+2k1+k2-α2y21+k2.

Substituting Eq. (23) into the linear stiffness term ω02y/1+α2y2 in Eq. (4) and keeping the other terms unchanged to minimize the truncation error, Eq. (4) can be rewritten as:

24
y¨+ω021+2k1+k2y-ω02α21+k2y3+11+α2y2μy˙+α1y3+α2yy˙2=γ11+α2y2ητ.

Applying the stochastic averaging on Eq. (24) yields the draft coefficient m(A) and the diffusion coefficient σ2(A):

25
mA=a0+a2A2+a4A432A(1+k)2ω02,

where:

a0=8Dγ21+2k2, a2=4-D3+6k+k2α2γ2-41+k21+2kμω02,a4=α2D5+4k+2k2α2γ2+41+k2μω02,
26
σ2A=D8+16k-4A21+kα2+A4α22γ2161+2k.

Substituting Eq. (25) and Eq. (26) into Eq. (13) yields the modified stationary PDF of amplitude:

27
PA=NA1+2k1+k2-2-2k+2-1-2k+k2+A2α2β1
-2-2k--1-2k+k2+A2α2β2,

where:

β1=D-k3+2-1-2k+k2+k-1-2k+k2+k2-3+-1-2k+k2α2γ2+21+2k1+3k+-1-2k+k2μ2D1+k2-1-2k+k2α2γ2,β2=Dk3+2-1-2k+k2+k-1-2k+k2+k23+-1-2k+k2α2γ2+21+2k-1-3k+-1-2k+k2μ2D1+k2-1-2k+k2α2γ2.

In Fig. 1, when D= 0.05, it is obvious that the amplitude A in accordance with PDF peak value is about 0.21, and considering α2= 0.4569, α2y2 is nearly equals to 0.2, then it is reasonable to choose k= 0.2 in Eq. (27). This procedure is the so called prediction correction method

Then, considering the conservative part of Eq. (4) kept to third-order nonlinearity is ω02y+(α1-ω02α2)y3, the influence of the three-order nonlinearity term to the response frequency cannot be neglected. The amplitude expression in numerical simulation A=y2+y˙2/ω02 is unsuitable anymore. We should find a more appropriate expression of amplitude in view of energy point.

The Hamilton of the system is:

28
H=12ω02y2+14α1-α2ω02y4+12y˙2.

Substituting y=Acosθ and y˙=-Aνsinθ into Eq. (28), where ν is a varied and undetermined frequency, and letting θ= 0, finally we obtain:

29
12ω02A2+14α1-α2ω02A4=H.

It was solved as:

30
A=-ω02α1-α2ω02+4H(α1-α2ω02)+ω04α1-α2ω02.

Using Eq. (28) and Eq. (30) instead of A=y2+y˙2/ω02 in numerical simulation, and choosing k= 0.2 and D= 0.05, the corrected stationary PDF can be illustrated in Fig. 5.

Fig. 5Stationary PDF with D= 0.05 (solid lines: modified theoretical results; dashed lines: original results; dots: numerical simulation)

Stationary PDF with D= 0.05 (solid lines: modified theoretical results;  dashed lines: original results; dots: numerical simulation)

The solid line in Fig. 5 is the result of the prediction-correction method with k= 0.2, the dashed line presents k= 0, and the dots present the numerical results using Eq. (28) and Eq. (30). It is clear that using the prediction-correction method and considering the affect of the nonlinearity to the frequency sufficiently can improve the performance of predicting the system’s response.

6. Conclusions

In this paper, an in-extendable cantilever model subject to basal transversely Gaussian noise excitation was studied. The inertia nonlinearity and geometrical nonlinearity is taken into account sufficiently, which is the highlight of this paper. The conclusions are summarized as follows:

1) The standard stochastic averaging method is effective in predicting responses of the cantilever when the noise density is not too large i.e. the maximum response amplitude of the free end is restrained to less than 15 % of the cantilever length. The theoretical stationary PDF of amplitude, joint PDF of displacement and velocity, the reliability function and the probability density of first passage failure time are all agree with the numerical simulations. The noise density in accordance with amplitude of the tip end less than 15 % is suitable for the standard stochastic averaging method.

2) Nonlinear stiffness can influence the response frequency with considerable noise density, which increases the error of predicting PDF. Especially, when the maximum amplitude exceeded 20 % of the cantilever length the error would become significant. Also, the approximation of the inertia nonlinearity term will cause truncation error.

3) Applying prediction-correction method, modifying the approximation of the inertia nonlinearity term, and using the amplitude expression in view of energy point will help in improving the accuracy of theoretical prediction.

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About this article

Received
21 December 2016
Accepted
17 July 2017
Published
15 February 2018
SUBJECTS
Chaos, nonlinear dynamics and applications
Keywords
cantilever
curvature nonlinearity
longitudinal inertia
stochastic averaging method
Gaussian white noise
Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) through Grant Nos. 11402186 and 11302144 and the Tianjin Research Program of Application Foundation and Advanced Technology through Grant No. 14JCQNJC05600, 13JCYBJC17900, 14JCQNJC05300.