Published: 15 May 2017

Seismic control of a SDOF structure through electromagnetic resonant shunt tuned mass-damper-inerter and the exact H2 optimal solutions

Hongxin Sun1
Yifan Luo2
Xiuyong Wang3
Lei Zuo4
1, 2, 3School of Civil Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, China
4, 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
Corresponding Author:
Lei Zuo
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Abstract

This paper proposes a novel inerter-based component dynamic vibration absorber, namely, electromagnetic resonant shunt tuned mass-damper-inerter (ERS-TMDI). To analyze the performances of the ERS-TMDI, the combined ERS-TMDI and a single degree of freedom system are developed. The H2 norm performances of the ERS-TMDI, whose aim is to minimize the root mean square (RMS) value of structure damage under random ground acceleration excitation, are introduced in comparison with the energy-harvesting series electromagnetic tuned mass dampers (ERS-TMDs), tuned mass-damper-inerter (TMDI) and the classical tuned mass damper (TMD). The closed-form solutions, including the optimal mechanical tuning ratio, the optimal electrical damping ratio, the optimal electrical tuning ratio and the optimal electromagnetic mechanical coupling coefficient, are obtained. It is shown that the ERS-TMDI is superior to both the classical TMD and the ERS-TMD systems for protection from structure damage. Specifically, from the frequency-domain analyses, a case study is performed to illustrate the effectiveness, robustness of the ERS-TMDI and the sensitivity to the parameter changes. From the time-domain analyses, four types of earthquakes are studied to demonstrate the performances of vibration suppression.

1. Introduction

With the development of society, many civil engineering structures have been built, and some of these structures are subjected to dynamic loadings from ground earthquakes. To suppress the vibration, in addition to isolators, the classical Tuned Mass Dampers (TMDs) [1], also called dynamic vibration absorber, is one of the most effective and popular passive vibration mitigation devices in practice, to dissipate the vibration energy [2, 3].

Based on the concept of the classical TMD, various types of TMD have been proposed and optimized [4] by researchers with improved robustness or/and effectiveness of the vibration suppression, such as parallel multiple TMDs [5, 6], series multiple TMDs [7], multi-degree-of-freedom TMDs [8], three or four element TMDs [9], and pounding tuned mass damper [10].

Recently, the inerter, a concept of mechanical network introduced by Smith et al [11, 12], has been adopted from vehicle suspensions for the use in civil engineering for improving the performance of vibration control and displacement mitigation. The inerter produces a proportional force due to the relative acceleration. The inerter has been studied for improvement of car suspensions [13, 14] and railway vehicles [15, 16]. In the past two years, the inerter concept has also been used in proof mass dampers, aiming to improve their damping performance and frequency tunability [17-19], or proof-mass actuation [20] in automotive engineering. In [21], Ikago, et al presented the idea of using an inerter-like ball-screw mechanism in a seismic vibration system with viscous mass damper or tuned viscous mass damper system. A type of electromagnetic inertial mass damper using a ball screw mechanism and a motor was presented to control the vibration of structures subjected to earthquakes in [22]. Lazar, et al. [23, 24] proposed an inerter-based system with a configuration similar to that of a TMD, which is termed as tuned inerter damper (TID), and developed an analytical tuning rule of a TID based on the Den Hartog’s method. Marian and Giaralis [25] also presented the concept of tuned mass-damper-inerter (TMDI) to mitigate the oscillatory motion of support systems which are stochastically excited.

Moreover, the concept of shunting passive damping has been proposed, and initially applied to piezoelectric structures and recently to electromagnetic devices. Forward [26] carried out a preliminary experimental demonstration of the passive circuit shunting for narrow-band reduction of resonant mechanical response. Hagood and Von Flotow [27] theoretically confirmed the possibility that piezoelectric shunted with an RL circuit can serve as a TMD. Behrens et al. [28, 29] extended the idea of a shunt damping to electromagnetic transducer, and obtained the tuning parameters numerically. Inoue, et al [30] obtained closed-form solution with fixed-point method to optimize a one degree of freedom system with an electromagnetic shunt damper. Zuo, et al. studies the energy harvesting from large-scale vibration [31], and proposed the electromagnetic resonant shunt series TMDs (ERS-TMDs) [32], and applied it in the building seismic isolation [33].

Meanwhile, the corresponding closed-form solutions of the optimal design parameters of different TMD systems have been derived. Den Hartog [1] developed the analytical solutions for the TMD for the undamped structures via the fixed-point method. In the [34], simple expressions for optimum absorber parameters of TMD are derived for undamped SDOF systems for harmonic and white noise random excitations. For the TMD with damped primary systems, various design methods and tuning criteria have been raised [35, 36]. Later, Marian and Giaralis [25] developed the optimal TMDI parameters for undamped structures under white noise excitation in closed-form as functions of the TMD mass and the inertance. In the [37], Zuo, et al. proposed the exact H2 solutions of the ERS-TMDs.

Inspired by on the concepts of TMDI [25] and ERS-TMDs [32], this paper proposes a new inerter-based component dynamic vibration absorber, named electromagnetic resonant shunt tuned mass-damper-inerter (ERS-TMDI), in which we replaced the dissipative mechanical element of the TMDI with the electromagnetic transducer shunted with a resonant R-L-C circuit. In addition, this paper derives the closed-form solution of optimal design parameters to the ERS-TMDI for building structures under ground motion. The H2 norm optimal method is employed for the undamped single degree of freedom (SDOF) structure, with the objective to minimize the mean squared value of the displacement of the primary structure. The advantage of the ERS-TMDI will be illustrated through the comparison with the classical TMD, TMDI and ERS-TMDs.

The organization of this paper is as follows. Section 2 describes the governing equations of the SDOF system with ERS-TMDI. Section 3 derives optimal H2closed-form solutions to the ERS-TMDI systems under the ground motion. In Section 4, the numerical frequency-domain solution of undamped structures is presented in comparison with the classical TMD, TMDI and the ERS-TMDs. In Section 5, the numerical time-domain analysis of damped structures is presented in comparison with classical TMD. Finally, Section 6 concludes this paper.

2. The single degree of freedom system model of the ERS-TMDI

To demonstrate the suppression performance, the main structure is now idealized as a SDOF system modeled using a linear spring of stiffness ks, a mass ms, and a damping coefficient cs, which corresponds to the fundamental mode shape of the multi-story buildings. Fig. 1(b) shows the ERS-TMDs [32] where the foremost energy dissipative damping cTin classical TMD, depicted in Fig. 1(a), is substituted by an electromagnetic transducer shunted with a coil resistance R capacitance C and inductance L [38, 39]. Inspired by the ERS-TMDs concept, this study considers the ERS-TMDI configuration shown in the Fig. 1(c), in which an inertance b is added between the absorber and the fixed ground.

Using similar modeling in [37], the overall dynamic equations of ERS-TMDI, shown in Fig. 1(c), are given by:

1
msx¨s+csx˙s+ksxs-kTxT-xs+kfI=-msx¨g,mT+bx¨T+kTxT-xs-kfI=-mTx¨g,kvxT˙-xs˙+RI+LI˙+1CIdt=0.

Fig. 1Schematic of the coupled SDOF and tuning damper system

Schematic of the coupled SDOF and tuning damper system

a) Classical TMD

Schematic of the coupled SDOF and tuning damper system

b) ERS-TMD

Schematic of the coupled SDOF and tuning damper system

c) ERS-TMDI

When the primary damping cs=0, the above can be simplified:

2
msxss2+ksxs-kTxT-xs+kfI=-msx¨g,(mT+b)xTs2+kTxT-xs-kfI=-mTx¨g,kvxT-xss+RI+LIs+ICs=0.

Set s=jω, and normalize the frequency, we can have:

3
xs(jα)2+xs-μfT2xT-xs+kfksI=-x¨gωs2,1+δxTjα2+fT2xT-xs-kfμksI=-x¨gωs2,kvxT-xs(jα)+2ζefeLI+LI(jα)+ILfe21jα=0.

Rewrite the relative displacement xr=xT-xs:

4
xsjα2+1-μfT2xr+kfksI=-x¨gωs2,xr(1+δjα2+fT2)+xs(1+δ)(jα)2-kfμksI=-x¨gωs2kvxr(jα)+LI2ζefe+jα+fe21jα=0,,

where:

the natural frequency of the main structure ωs=ks/ms;

the natural frequency of the absorber ωT=kT/mT;

the resonant frequency of the circuit ωe=1/LC;

the mass ratio of the absorber to the main structure μ=mT/ms;

the mass ratio of inertance to the main structure δ=b/mT;

the mechanical tuning ratio fT=ωT/ωs;

the electrical tuning ratio fe=ωe/ωs; the normalized frequency α=ω/ωs;

the electrical damping ratio of the circuit ζe=R/(2Lωe), in which the resistance R=Ri+Re, Ri is the internal resisitance, and Re is the external resistance.

The electromagnetic mechanical coupling coefficient μk=kvkf/(kTL), where kv and kf is the voltage constant and the force constant of the electromagnetic transducer.

3. H2 optimization for the coupled system

3.1. Vibration control of the ERS-TMDI

Considering the seismic excitation is a random input, the H2 criteriais is more suitable for assessing the system performance for it is RMS value of the performance under unit Gaussian white noise input [37]. This is a good approximation when the earthquake frequency is broad when compared with the natural frequency of the building. To suppress the oscillation of the main structure subjected to the ground acceleration x¨g, the H2 criteria are minimized from the ground acceleration x¨g to the displacement of the main structure xs is defined as:

5
PIv =E[xs2]2πωsS0=xs22πωsS0,

where the symbols E[] and refer to the ensemble and temporal averages, respectively. The performance index PIv represents the ratio of the response of the main system to the seismic excitation with a uniform power spectrum density S0. Units of the symbols S0 are (m2 s)/rad. The RMS value of the displacementof the SDOF structure xs can be expressed as:

6
xs2=ωsS0-Xn2dα,

where Xn is the criteria of the transfer function from the ground acceleration x¨g to the displacement of the main structure xs, where 𝑗=-1 is the unit imaginary number. Substituting Eq. (6) into Eq. (5), the performance index in Eq. (5) can be presented as:

7
PIv =12π-Xn2dα.

The normalized transfer function Xn can be expressed by using the above dimensionless parameters as:

8
Xn= xsx¨g/ωs2=-fe2fT2φ+2fefT2ζeφjα+fe2ψ+fT2φ1+μkjα2+2ψfeζejα3+ψ(jα)4A0+A1 (jα)+A2(jα)2+A3(jα)3+A4(jα)4+A5(jα)5+A6(jα)6,

where:

φ=1+μ, ψ=1+δ,
9
A0=fe2fT2,A1=2fT2feζe,A2=fe2ψ+fT21+μk+fe2fT21+μψ,A3=2feζeψ+fT21+μψ,A4=fT21+μk1+μψ+(1+fe2)ψA5=2feζeψ,,A6=ψ.

The integral in Eq. (7) can be solved with the residue theorem [40]. Therefore, the performance index in Eq. (7) can be derived an expression of the four tuning parameters fT, μk, fe, ζe and the three given parameters μ, φ, and ψ:

10
PIv=14fefT2μkζeμψ2-2fT2φ1+μkψ+1+δ2+fT41+μk2φ2+μφ2ψ
+fe4ψ2+μ3ψ3+fT2-2φψ+-2μ+2μ3ψ2+2μ3φψ3
+fe2φ2+3μφ2ψ+3μ2φ2ψ2+μ3φ2ψ3
+fe2ψ2-2+4ζe2+fT21+μk2φψ+μ-μ3ψ2+ψ2φ-8ζe2φ
+ψ2μ-μ3-4μζe2+4μ3ζe2+fT41+μk-2φ2+-4μφ2ψ-2μ2φ2ψ2
+4ζe2φ2+8ψμζe2φ2+ψ2ζe24μ2φ2.

For the purpose of minimizing the performance index PIv concerning the seismic control performance, the derivatives of PIv concerning all the tuning parameters should be equal to zero, wihch mean:

11
PIvfT=0, PIvζe=0, PIvfe=0, PIvμk=0.

Thereby, the subsequent synchronous gradients’ equations could also be solved from Eq. (10).

12a
-ψ2+fT4φ21+μk21+μψ+fe4-ψ2-μ3ψ3+fT4φ21+μψ3+fe2ψ22-4ζe2-2fT4φ21+μψ21+μk-2ζe2=0,
12b
ψ2+fe4(ψ2+μ3ψ3)-2fe2ψ2(1+2ζe2)+fT4(φ21+μk2(1+μψ)+fe4φ21+μψ3-2fe2φ21+μψ2(1+μk+2ζe2))+fT2(-2φ(1+μk)ψ
+fe4φ (-2ψ+(-2μ+2μ2)ψ2+2μ3ψ3)+fe2φ(2ψ(2+μk+4ζe2)
+ψ2(μ(2+μk+4ζe2)-μ2(2+μk+4ζe2))))=0,
12c
-ψ2+3fe4(ψ2+μ3ψ3)-2fe2ψ2(1+2ζe2)+fT4(-φ21+μk21+μψ+3fe4φ21+μψ3-2fe2φ21+μψ21+μk-2ζe2+fT22φ1+μkψ-6fe4φψ+μ-μ2ψ2-μ3ψ3+fe2φ2ψ2+μk-4ζe2+ψ2μ2+μk-4ζe2-μ22+μk-4ζe2=0,
12d
ψ2+fe4ψ2+μ3ψ3-2fe2ψ21+2ζe2+fT4φ21+μk21+μψ+fe4φ21+μψ3+2fe2φ21+μψ2-1+2ζe2+fT2-2φψ+fe4φ-2ψ+-2μ+2μ2ψ2+2μ3ψ3+fe2φ-4ψ-1+2ζe2+ψ2-2μ-1+2ζe2+2μ2-1+2ζe2=0.

To solve this set of equations, by linking Eq. (12d) with the other three equations in Eq. (12), we can remove ζe to acquire a new equation set in other variables fT, μk, and fe. Then with similar handling, the parameters fT and fe can also be removed from the new equation set and we can obtain Eq. (12) in only variable μk. Thus, the optimal parameter μk can be obtained by Eq. (12) as:

13
μkopt=-(2(μ5ψ2(11+22ψ-ψ2)+2μ4ψ(10+15ψ+30ψ2+9ψ3) +4μψ32(1+ψ2)(4ψ+φr)+μ3ψ36+55ψ+58ψ2+43ψ3+7φψ +φψ32r+u216ψ+52ψ2+36ψ3+24ψ4+4φψr+3φψ32r+9φψ52r /(φ(-2+(-2-μ+3μ2)ψ)(16ψ+3μ3ψ2+2μ2ψ(8+3ψ)))+μ16+19ψ2)).

Similarly, the other optimal parameters can be acquired and given as:

14
fTopt=-ψ(4+μψ(ψ+7)+μ2ψ(5ψ-1)-φψr)4φδ(1+μψ)2,feopt=12(32ψ-3μ4ψ21+ψ-2μ4ψ-7-11δ+δ2+5δ3 +μ2ψ(78+43δ+25δ2-3φψr +μ90+116δ+58δ2-3φψr+φδψr /(φ(16ψ+3μ4ψ3+μ3ψ2(25+6δ)+μ(51+70δ+35δ2) +μ2(57+101δ+63δ2+19δ3),ζeopt=-(μψ(4+(-4+3φ)ψ)(-56φδ5ψ+22φ2δ4ψ-4+7ψ +3φ6ψ5/2(5+22ψ+5ψ2)-2φ3δ3ψ(4-143ψ+63ψ2) +φ4δ2ψ(24+94ψ-293ψ2+14ψ3) +2φ5ψ3/2(19+57ψ-116ψ2+33ψ3+7ψ4)+8φδ4r +12φ9/2ψ2(1+ψ)r-2φ3/2δ3(-8+3ψ)r-4φ5/2δ2(-2+7ψ+3ψ2)r +2φ7/2ψ(11-11ψ-5ψ2+5ψ3)r)))/((φ(64δ4+27φ5ψ3-16φδ3(-4+13ψ) +8φ2δ2ψ(1+ψ)3φ4ψ2(20-53ψ+8ψ2)-4φ3ψ(-8+85ψ-109ψ2+32ψ3)))),μkopt=-(2(μ5ψ2(11+22ψ-ψ2)+2μ4ψ(10+15ψ+30ψ2+9ψ3) +4μψ32(1+ψ2)4ψ+φr)+μ3ψ(36+55ψ+58ψ2+43ψ3+7φψr +φψ32r+μ216ψ+52ψ2+36ψ3+24ψ4+4φψr+3φψ32r+9φψ52r /(φ(-2+-2-μ+3μ2ψ)(16ψ+3μ3ψ2+2μ2ψ(8+3ψ)))+μ16+19ψ2)),

where r=(16ψ+μ3ψ(1+14ψ+ψ2)+16μ(1+2ψ2)+ μ2ψ(33-2ψ+17ψ2)).

Later on, the corresponding optimal absorber stiffness kTopt the inductance Lopt, and the total resistance Ropt can also be presented, involving the above parameters:

15
Lopt=kvkfμkoptfTopt2mTωs2,kTopt=fTopt2mTωs2Ropt=2kvkfζeoptfeoptμkoptfTopt2mTωs,Copt=mTμkoptfTopt2kvkffeopt2.

While it is the need to declare that the optimal frequency ratio and damping ratio of the H2criterion for the classical TMD system [1] in Fig. 1(a) is:

16
fopt=11+μ2-μ2,ζopt=μ(4-μ)8(1+μ)(2-μ).

And the optimal parameters in the TMDI system [25] are:

17
f1opt=11+μ+βμ+β[βμ-1+2-μ1+μ]2μ1+μ,ζ1opt=μ+β2β3-μ+(4-μ)(1+μ)2μ1+μ+β[β1-μ+2-μ1+μ],

where β=b/ms.

Moreover, the optimal parameters for the ERS-TMDs system [37] in Fig. 1(b) are:

18
fTopt*=4-3μ2(1+μ),μkopt*=128μ64-36μ-9μ2,feopt*=16-9μ16+19μ+3μ2,ζeopt*=192μ256-96μ-27μ2.

In addition, the normalized transfer function Xr from x¨g/ωs2 to the relative displacement of the main structure xr can also be expressed with the above dimensionaless parameters of the ERS-TMDI as:

19
Xr= xrx¨g/ωs2=-fe2-2feζe(jα)+(-1+fe2δ )(jα)2+2δfeζe(jα)3+δ(jα)4A0+A1 (jα)+A2(jα)2+A3(jα)3+A4(jα)4+A5(jα)5+A6(jα)6.

4. Frequency domain analyses of the ERS-TMDI

4.1. Graphical descriptions of the H2 tuning norms and performance index for seismic control

Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 graphically depicts the H2tuning norms and the optimal index PIv for the seismic control when the main structure is subjected to the seismic excitation. Assuming the mass ratio is certain, when the inertance mass ratio is increasing, the optimal parameters and index PIv are increasing. On the other hand, assuming the inertance ratio is certain, when the mass ratio is increasing, the optimal mechanical tuning ratio fT, electrical tuning ratio fe, and index PIv are decreasing, while the others are growing. Finally, when the mass ratio and inertance ratio are increasing simultaneously, the optimal electrical tuning ratio fe and index PIv are decreasing, while the others are in increasing.

Fig. 2Graphical descriptions of the H2 tuning norms

Graphical descriptions of the H2 tuning norms

a) Optimal mechanical tuning ratio fT

Graphical descriptions of the H2 tuning norms

b) Optimal electrical damping ratio ζe

Graphical descriptions of the H2 tuning norms

c) Optimal electromagnetic mechanical coupling coefficient μk

Graphical descriptions of the H2 tuning norms

d) Optimal electrical tuning ratio fe

Fig. 3Schematic of optimal performance index PIv for the seismic control

Schematic of optimal performance index PIv for the seismic control

4.2. Comparing performances of different systems

Fig. 4 show the H2performances of vibration mitigation of the normalized displacement of the main structure and the relative deformation of five types of SDOF systems, consisting of ERS-TMDI, TMDI, ERS-TMDs, classical TMD, and a system without TMD, which are compared under the same mass ratio of 0.02 in optimal condition with H2norm. From Fig. 4, the H2norm of the ERS-TMDI is better than other systems at the same mass ratio. Moreover, it is obvious that the ERS-TMDI has the advantage of suppressing the oscillation of the main structure and relative motion almost across the whole frequency spectrum, in comparison with the others. Particularly, at their own resonant frequencies, the spiked value of the normalized displacement of the main structure in the ERS-TMDI system is decreased by around 36 % in comparison with the classical TMD, 23 % with the TMDI and 18 % with the ERS-TMDs. In addition, when the frequency α is ranging from 0.7 to 1.3, the area of the Xn of the ERS-TMDI is decreased by about 9 % compared to the classical TMD, 4 % to that of the TMDI and 6 % to that of the ERS-TMDs.

Fig. 4Schematic of the optimal frequency responses for types of SDOF system, where the mass ratio μ= 0.02

Schematic of the optimal frequency responses for types  of SDOF system, where the mass ratio μ= 0.02

a) The deformation of the main structure

Schematic of the optimal frequency responses for types  of SDOF system, where the mass ratio μ= 0.02

b) The relative deformation of the damper

4.3. Comparing performances of the ERS-TMDI under different inertance ratios

The H2performances of vibration mitigation of the displacement of the main structure and the relative displacement of the ERS-TMDI are compared under different inertance ratios. From Fig. 5, the H2norm of the ERS-TMDI is better at the highest inertance ratio.

Fig. 5Schematic of the optimal frequency responses for types of SDOF system under different inertance ratios

Schematic of the optimal frequency responses for types of SDOF system  under different inertance ratios

a) The deformation of the main structure

Schematic of the optimal frequency responses for types of SDOF system  under different inertance ratios

b) The relative deformation of the damper

4.4. Sensitivity of tuning parameters

In practice, it is a challenge to tune the parameters faultlessly, since some parameters may vary after some time. Fig. 6 shows how the seismic control performance will change with the variations of the tuning parameters for the ERS-TMDI system at the different inertance ratios under a ground excitation, as compared with classical TMD. It is clear that the mechanical tuning ratio fT, is the most susceptive design parameter to the seismic control, while the electrical damping ratio ζe, is the least susceptive to the seismic control. Besides, when the inertance ratio is increasing, the ERS-TMDI is more robust to the parameter changes. In addition, we can also draw the conclusion that the tuning parameters of classic TMD is more sensitive than that of the ERS-TMDI.

Fig. 6The sensitivity of vibration suppression to the changes of the design parameters of the ERS-TMDI and classical TMD: mechanical tuning ratio fT of a) the inertance ratio δ= 0.1 and b) the inertance ratio δ= 0.5; the electrical damping ratio ζe of c) the inertance ratio δ= 0.1 and d) the inertance ratio δ= 0.5; the coupling coefficient μk and electrical tuning ratio fe of e) the inertance ratio δ= 0.1 and f) the inertance ratio δ= 0.5

The sensitivity of vibration suppression to the changes of the design parameters of the  ERS-TMDI and classical TMD: mechanical tuning ratio fT of a) the inertance ratio δ= 0.1 and  b) the inertance ratio δ= 0.5; the electrical damping ratio ζe of c) the inertance ratio δ= 0.1  and d) the inertance ratio δ= 0.5; the coupling coefficient  μk and electrical tuning ratio fe  of e) the inertance ratio δ= 0.1 and f) the inertance ratio δ= 0.5

a)

The sensitivity of vibration suppression to the changes of the design parameters of the  ERS-TMDI and classical TMD: mechanical tuning ratio fT of a) the inertance ratio δ= 0.1 and  b) the inertance ratio δ= 0.5; the electrical damping ratio ζe of c) the inertance ratio δ= 0.1  and d) the inertance ratio δ= 0.5; the coupling coefficient  μk and electrical tuning ratio fe  of e) the inertance ratio δ= 0.1 and f) the inertance ratio δ= 0.5

b)

The sensitivity of vibration suppression to the changes of the design parameters of the  ERS-TMDI and classical TMD: mechanical tuning ratio fT of a) the inertance ratio δ= 0.1 and  b) the inertance ratio δ= 0.5; the electrical damping ratio ζe of c) the inertance ratio δ= 0.1  and d) the inertance ratio δ= 0.5; the coupling coefficient  μk and electrical tuning ratio fe  of e) the inertance ratio δ= 0.1 and f) the inertance ratio δ= 0.5

c)

The sensitivity of vibration suppression to the changes of the design parameters of the  ERS-TMDI and classical TMD: mechanical tuning ratio fT of a) the inertance ratio δ= 0.1 and  b) the inertance ratio δ= 0.5; the electrical damping ratio ζe of c) the inertance ratio δ= 0.1  and d) the inertance ratio δ= 0.5; the coupling coefficient  μk and electrical tuning ratio fe  of e) the inertance ratio δ= 0.1 and f) the inertance ratio δ= 0.5

d)

The sensitivity of vibration suppression to the changes of the design parameters of the  ERS-TMDI and classical TMD: mechanical tuning ratio fT of a) the inertance ratio δ= 0.1 and  b) the inertance ratio δ= 0.5; the electrical damping ratio ζe of c) the inertance ratio δ= 0.1  and d) the inertance ratio δ= 0.5; the coupling coefficient  μk and electrical tuning ratio fe  of e) the inertance ratio δ= 0.1 and f) the inertance ratio δ= 0.5

e)

The sensitivity of vibration suppression to the changes of the design parameters of the  ERS-TMDI and classical TMD: mechanical tuning ratio fT of a) the inertance ratio δ= 0.1 and  b) the inertance ratio δ= 0.5; the electrical damping ratio ζe of c) the inertance ratio δ= 0.1  and d) the inertance ratio δ= 0.5; the coupling coefficient  μk and electrical tuning ratio fe  of e) the inertance ratio δ= 0.1 and f) the inertance ratio δ= 0.5

f)

5. Time-domain analyses of the ERS-TMDI

5.1. Mathematical model

In Section 5, the time-history responses of the model demonstrated above are computed for four simulated earthquakes based on observed earthquake records in order to prove the effect of the ERS-TMDI. The equations of motion for the system of ERS-TMDI are simply described as a three-degree-of-freedom system, as shown in Eq. (1). Therefore, matrix representations of the equations of motion are useful for estimating the time-history responses. The equations of motion for the ERS-TMDI can be formulated as follows:

Eq. (1) can be expressed in second order form:

20
msx¨s+csx˙s+ksxs-kTxT-xs+kfq˙=-msx¨g,mT+bx¨T+kTxT-xs-kfq˙=-mTx¨g,kvxT˙-xs˙+Rq˙+Lq¨+qC=0.

Set xr=xT-xs, Eq. (20) can also be written in a matrix form:

21
M1xs¨xr¨q¨+C1xs˙xr˙q˙+K1xsxrq=-M2x¨g,

where:

M1=ms00mT+bmT+b000L, C1=cs0kf00-kf0kvR, K1=ks-kT00kT0001/C, M2=msmT0.

Define x=xsxrqxs˙xr˙q˙T, then the state space equation is:

22
x˙=Ax+Bxg¨,

where:

A=03×3I3×3-M1-1K1-M1-1C1, B=03×1-M1-1M2.

5.2. Simulation parameters

To facilitate the simulation analysis of ERS-TMDI, the performances of ERS-TMDI are compared with that of the Classical TMD in the optimal condition. The fundamental modal shape corresponding to ten-story frame buildings and Table 1 shows the parameters of the combined system in the numerical simulations.

Table 1The parameters of simulation

Description
Symbol
Value
Main structure mass
ms
58970 [kg]
Stiffness coefficient of the main structure
ks
4.81×104 [kN/m]
The fundamental period of the main structure
Ts
0.22 [s]
Damping of the main structure
cs
67.4 [kN s/m]
Inertance mass
b
589.7 [kg]
Stiffness coefficient of the mechanical TMD
kT
1.35×103 [kN/m]
Mechanical TMD mass
mT
1179 [kg]
Grossinductance of electrical transducer
L
30.6 [mH]
Gross capacitance of electrical transducer
C
41.6 [mF]
Internal resistance of motor
Ri
0.13 [Ω]
External resistance
Re
0.13 [Ω]
The constant of the electromagnetic actuator
kv, kf
50

5.3. The performance of seismic control

Time-history analyses are performed by numerical integration using the Newmark’s method, with a time interval of 0.01 s and the adjusted maximum earthquake acceleration of 200 cm/s2 to compare the performance with the different records. The observed earthquake records used for applying the ground acceleration to the models are as follows: (1) ChiChi, (2) El Centro, (3) Kobe, and (4) Northridge. The time histories of the earthquake records are shown in Fig. 7. The elastic acceleration response spectra of the earthquakes are also shown in Fig. 8, in which we can know the predominant periods of the selected earthquakes from the response spectra. In the time-history analyses, the characteristics of the model are identical to those used in the frequency-domain analyses described Section 4.

Fig. 7Time histories showing observed earthquake records used for time-history analyses

Time histories showing observed earthquake records used for time-history analyses

a) ChiChi

Time histories showing observed earthquake records used for time-history analyses

b) El Centro

Time histories showing observed earthquake records used for time-history analyses

c) Kobe

Time histories showing observed earthquake records used for time-history analyses

d) Northridge

Fig. 8Response spectra for observed earthquake records

Response spectra for observed earthquake records

From Fig. 9 to Fig. 11, on the whole, it is clear that the ERS-TMDI effectively reduces the peak and root mean square (RMS) value of the displacement of the main structure, especially for the case of Northridge, which contains strong long-period components. It is also noted that the performance of the vibration mitigation of the ERS-TMDI is clearly superior to that of the classical TMD.

Fig. 9Time-history diagram of displacements (left) and accelerations (right) of the main structure: comparison between classical TMD and ERS-TMDI excited

Time-history diagram of displacements (left) and accelerations (right) of the main structure: comparison between classical TMD and ERS-TMDI excited

a) ChiChi

Time-history diagram of displacements (left) and accelerations (right) of the main structure: comparison between classical TMD and ERS-TMDI excited

b) El Centro

Time-history diagram of displacements (left) and accelerations (right) of the main structure: comparison between classical TMD and ERS-TMDI excited

c) Kobe

Time-history diagram of displacements (left) and accelerations (right) of the main structure: comparison between classical TMD and ERS-TMDI excited

d) Northridge

Fig. 10Reduction ratio related to a) response peak displacement and b) response peak acceleration of classical TMD system and ERS-TMDI system

Reduction ratio related to a) response peak displacement and b) response peak acceleration  of classical TMD system and ERS-TMDI system

a)

Reduction ratio related to a) response peak displacement and b) response peak acceleration  of classical TMD system and ERS-TMDI system

b)

Fig. 11Reduction ratio related to a) response RMS value of displacement and b) response RMS value of acceleration of classical TMD system and ERS-TMDI system

Reduction ratio related to a) response RMS value of displacement and b) response RMS value  of acceleration of classical TMD system and ERS-TMDI system

a)

Reduction ratio related to a) response RMS value of displacement and b) response RMS value  of acceleration of classical TMD system and ERS-TMDI system

b)

6. Conclusions

This paper investigates electromagnetic resonant shunt tuned mass-damper-inerter (ERS-TMDI) system, which consists of an auxiliary mechanical mass, an inertance mass, a spring, and an electromagnetic shunted RLC. We derive H2tuning laws on a SDOF system, with the physical meaning to reduce the RMS value of the displacement of the main structure subjected to random acceleration excitation from the base. Later on, both frequency-domain and time-domain analyses are studied to demonstrate the performance of vibration mitigation.

The frequency-domain analyses show that the ERS-TMDI can enhance efficiency of seismic control due to tuning both the resonances of the mechanical mass, the inertance, and the electrical resonator, in comparison with classical TMD, where only the mechanical resonance is tuned. Particularly, the ERS-TMDI of mass ratio 0.02 and inertance ratio 0.5 improves the vibration suppression by reducing the resonant peak value of displacement of main structure by around 36 % compared to that of the classical TMD, 23 % to the TMDI and 18 % to the ERS-TMDs, and the area of Xn by around 9 %, 4 %, 6 %. In addition, the H2performances of vibration mitigation of the oscillation of the main structure and the deformation of the ERS-TMDI are better at the higher inertance ratio. And compared with classical TMD, the system is more robust to the off tuning or parameter changes.

The time-domain analyses show that the ERS-TMDI effectively reduces the peak and RMS value of the displacement of the main system, especially for the case of Northridge. It is also noted that, in the performance of the vibration mitigation, the ERS-TMDI is superior to the classical TMD.

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About this article

Received
16 February 2017
Accepted
03 May 2017
Published
15 May 2017
SUBJECTS
Seismic engineering and applications
Keywords
vibration control
electromagnetic resonant shunt
tuned mass-damper-inerter
H2 optimization
Acknowledgements

This work was supported by National Key Basic Research Scheme of China (973 Program) under Grant 2015CB057702, National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 51508185 and 51378203, and Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province of China under Grant 2015JJ3073. The author Hongxin Sun is also grateful to the financial support from China Scholarship Council to conduct research as a visiting scholar in Lei Zuo’s Lab at Virginia Tech.