Published: 30 June 2019

Weight functions of light shield and the signal at the input of optical sensor at the intersection of the bullets of light shield

V. A. Aphanasiev1
A. U. Vdovin2
I. G. Kornilov3
1, 2, 3Kalashnikov Izhevsk State Technical University, Izhevsk, Russia
Corresponding Author:
V. A. Aphanasiev
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Abstract

In this article, the definition of weight functions of a light shield at the intersection of the bullet in different field areas of shield registration is considered. The signal definition at the input of an optical sensor at the intersection of the bullet of a light shield is viewed. The research results can be used in considering the facts that can influence on the error estimation of the coordinate determination when a bullet hits the target.

Weight functions of light shield and the signal at the input of optical sensor at the intersection of the bullets of light shield

Highlights

  • A light shield consists from an illuminator and an optical sensor located on opposite sides from the sheaf of trajectories of the bullets has a finite width.
  • Within the registration area a weight function of a light shield can have a form close to rectangle, trapezium and triangular.
  • The kind of a signal, entering the input of an optical sensor, is determined by the convolution of a weight function of a light shield and the bullet shadow.
  • The results we obtain can be used during the consideration than can influence on the error estimation of the determination of coordinates when a bullet hits the target.

1. Introduction

An information-measuring system (IMS) for small arms measuring contains an indestructible light target built with the application of light shields. The shields of a light target are placed at different angles concerning a plane registration (a paper target). A light shield consists from an illuminator and an optical sensor located on opposite sides from the sheaf of trajectories of the bullets. An optical sensor includes an amplifier-filter and a photo detector. An optical sensor sets the moment of the intersection of the bullet of light shield. A light target is used for the evaluation of the coordinates y and z. The error estimation of the coordinate measurement depends on the error estimation of time measurement of flight of the bullet screens. In the article, weight functions of a light shield and the signal at the input of an optical sensor are considered.

2. Weight functions of light shield

To determinate the time of the bullet flight through a light shield, light shields with the work on a negative contrast are used [1]. In the Fig. 1 these is the scheme of a light shield with slit diaphragms from the side of the light source and the receiver side [2]. The axis OZ is horizontal, the axis OY is vertical and the axis OX is parallel to a fire line. In the projection of a light shield on the plane YOZ the registration area of the bullet flight places in the area of high values z and one can consider that the value of shielded energy in this sector changes abruptly.

For the scheme of a light shield, these designations are accepted:

XYZ – coordinate system related to slit receiver D1;

X2Y2Z2 – coordinate system related to slit emitter D2;

xyz – coordinates of the elementary platform of the bullet dS=dX·dY in the coordinate system of the receiver;

2a1×2b1 – the size of slit diaphragm of the receiver;

2a2×2b2 – the size of slit diaphragm of the emitter;

N1NN2 – straight line connecting the point Nx,y,z of the element dS with the elements dS1 and dS2 on slit diaphragms;

φ – the angle between the axis OZ and a straight line N1NN2.

L – the distance from the slit diaphragm of the receiver D1 before slit diaphragm of the emitter D2.

z – the distance from the slit diaphragm of the receiver D1 before the element dS.

Fig. 1The scheme of a light shield with slit light source and receiver

The scheme of a light shield with slit light source and receiver

The length of the slit diaphragm of the receiver 2b1 is significantly smaller than the slit diaphragm of the emitter 2b2 and the distance z.

Now we introduce the definition of the weight function of a light shield. For this purpose, we consider a point signal from a point emission source. The position of the point emission source can be set using angular coordinates shown in the Fig. 2, where α – the angle of rotation around the axis OY, β – the angle of rotation around the axis OX', or for small angles practically around the axis OX, A – the point emission source, OA – the straight line from the origin coordinate O to the point emission source A.

We present a point signal in the form of spatial delta-function [3-6]:

1
Jeδα-α0, β-β0=Je, α=α0, β=β0,0, αα0, ββ0,

where Je=BedS2, Be – the brightness of the emitter, δα-α0,β-β0 – the delta-function, α0, β0 – the initial values of the angle of rotation.

The delta-function satisfies the normalization condition:

2
-+δα-α0,β-β0dαdβ=1,

and has filter characteristics:

3
-+fα,βδα-α0,β-β0dαdβ=fα0,β0.

The projections of the point A (Fig. 2) on the coordinate system XYZ for small angles α, β can be written as:

4
XA=αL, YA=βL, ZA=L.

i.e. for a fixed distance of the point A from the beginning of the coordinates under L=const instead of angular coordinates of the point A we can view its ee Cartesian coordinates.

Then instead (1) we get a spatial δ-function:

5
JeδX-XA,Y-YA=Je, X=XA, Y=YA,0, XXA, YYA.

The response of the system to δ-function is its weight function. Under the weight function we understand the change of the energy flow on the photo detector due to exposure of a point source or an elementary platform that is parallel to the platform of the photo detector. The arguments of a weight function we consider (Fig. 2) the position coordinates XYZ of a point source or an elementary platform with the area dS in a light plane, coinciding with the plane YOZ, and coordinate X movement of source or platforms along the normal to a light plane.

In case X=Vt, where V – speed movement along the normal to a light plane, t – time, we go to a weight function, as a function of time.

We consider the dependence of the quality of shielded energy at the intersection of the bullets of a light shield for value series of a vertical coordinate y. For this purpose in the Fig. 3 the projection of a light shield on the plane YOZ is demonstrated. We consider that the length of the bullet is enough for the overlap of the thickness of a locking plane with the work on a negative contrast.

Fig. 2Angular coordinates of the position of emission source A

Angular coordinates of  the position of emission source A

Fig. 3Areas of a light shield in the plane YOZ

Areas of a light  shield in the plane YOZ

In the Fig. 3 lines b1, b2; –b1, b2; b1, –b2 and –b1, –b2 divide a light shield into the areas 1, 2, 3, moreover the area 3 consists of symmetric areas 3' and 3". The point, separating 1, 2, has a coordinate:

6
zy=b1b1+b2L.

Since b1b2, then zyL, then the length of the area 1 is small and it is near the site of the receiver. The registration area of the bullet flight, based on test requirements, has to be big enough along the axes Y and Z. In practice, the registration area never puts in the area 1 on the plane YOZ. So, weight functions of a light shield in the plane YOZ are considered only for sufficiently large values of the coordinate z, relating to the areas 2 and 3.

Then the value of shielded energy is proportional to the length of the segment EE'. Based on similarity of triangles in the area 2, we find the length of the segment ly by the formula:

7
ly=2b1zL-z,

where ly – the length of the projection EE' of the segment BB' on the line of the emitter, L – the distance from the receiver to the emitter, z – the lateral coordinate of the bullet hit in a light shield.

Now we find the value of light flow of shielded energy in the area 2 by the formula [7, 8]:

8
dФ=BedS1dS2L2cos4φ,

where Be – the brightness of the emitter:

9
cos2φcos2β=z2y2+z2.

For small values of the angle φ, cosφ can be equal to one.

Under the condition of the full bullet overlap of a light flow on the axis X, the width of the platforms dS1 and dS2 determines the width of the diaphragms 2a1 and 2a2 correspondingly.

Then:

10
dS1=S1=2a12b1, dS2=2a2ly.

The dependence of dФ on y determines the dependence of cosφ on y (Eq. (9)). The dependence of dФ on z determines the dependence of dS2=2a2ly on Z (Eq. (7)).

For small values of the angle φ, cosφ can be equal to one, cosφ1,0. Then the value of the shielded emission is:

11
dФ=Be2a12b12a2lyL2, cosφ1,0, z>zy.

Then the value of shielded energy weakly depends on the value of a vertical coordinate y of the bullet.

We consider the definition of weight functions of a light shield in the case when a bullet hits different areas of the shield. For this purpose, we take the projection of a light shield on the plane XOZ (Fig. 4). A light shield is divided into four areas: 1, 2, 3', 3" and at the same time all the areas are working ones.

A weight function of the shield, when the bullet moves along the axis OX parallel to fire line in the area 1 (Fig. 4), has the form of the trapezium and is determined by the formula:

12
w(x)=wmax(x-xn)xnv-xn, xnx<xnv,wmax, xnvx<xkv,wmax(xk-x)xk-xkv, xkvx<xk,0, x<xn,x>xk,

where:

13
wmax=16Bea2b1L2,
14
xn=a2-a1Lz-a1,
15
xnv=a2+a1Lz-a1,
16
xkv=-a2+a1Lz+a1,
17
xk=a2-a1Lz+a1,

for zy<z<zx.

Fig. 4The projection of a light shield on the axis XOZ. w(x) – weight function of a light shield

The projection of a light shield on the axis XOZ. w(x) – weight function of a light shield

At the intersection of the bullets of the area 2 (Fig. 4) a weight function of the shield has the form of the trapezium and is determined by the formula:

18
w(x)=wmaxz(x-xn)xnv-xn, xnx<xnv,wmaxz, xnvx<xkv,wmaxz(xk-x)xk-xkv, xkvx<xk,0, x<xn, x>xk,

where wmaxz=16Bea1b1L2Lz-12, z>zx, а xn, xnv, xkv and xk are determined by the Eq. (14)-(17).

At the intersection of the bullets of the area, when z=zx (Fig. 4) a weight function of a light shield has a triangular form and is determined by the Eq. (19):

19
w(x)=wmax(x-xn)xn, xnx<0,wmax, x=0,wmax(xk-x)xk, 0x<xk,0, x<xn,x>xk,

where xn, xk are determined by the Eq. (5), (8) for z=zx.

From the analysis of weight functions we have that the value wxmax does not depend on the coordinate z in the area 1 and has a quadratic dependence in the area 2. The expansion of the area 1 can be reached by the increase zx due to increase a1 and/or decrease a2.

3. The signal definition at the input of optical sensor

As a result of the analysis, weight functions of a light shield can have a following form (Fig. 5):

a) A weight function of a rectangular form with a constant value wmax that does not depend on the coordinates of the bullet flight (Fig. 5(a)).

b) A weight function in the form of a trapezium with a constant value wmax that does not depend on the coordinates of the bullet flight (Fig. 5(b)).

c) A weight function of a triangular form (Fig. 5(c)).

d) A weight function in the form of a trapezium with a constant value wmax that does not depend on the coordinates of the bullet flight (Fig. 5(d)).

e) A weight function of a rectangular form with a constant value wmax that does not depend on the coordinates of the bullet flight (Fig. 5(e)).

We get the bullet with a small diameter value that we can omit compared with a bullet length and sizes of z registration area of a light shield.

Fig. 5Weight functions of light shields

Weight functions of light shields

a)

Weight functions of light shields

b)

Weight functions of light shields

c)

Weight functions of light shields

d)

Weight functions of light shields

e)

The signal at the input of an optical sensor is the result of the convolution of a weight function of a light shield with the value of the bullet projection to normal to a light plane l, received from the part of the bullet length and entered in the plane by the formula:

20
Uin =-wx(l-x)dl.

In the case of an infinitely thin light shield (a shield can be presented in the form of a plane (Fig. 6(а)), the signal at the input of an optical sensor (Fig. 6(c)) is determined by the Eq. (21):

21
Uin=wmax, 0xlp,0, x<0, x>lp,

where:

22
lp=lbulletcosα,

where lbullet – the bullet length, wmax is determined by the Eq. (13).

The signal has a rectangular form.

In the case of a light shied when we cannot neglect its thickness as compared to the bullet length (Fig. 7(а)), the signal at the input of an optical sensor (Fig. 7(c)) is determined by the formula:

23
Uin=wmaxx+h2, -h2x<h2,wmaxh, h2x<lp-h2,wmaxlp+h2-x, lp-h2x<lp+h2,0, x<0,xlp+h2,

where 0<h<lplbullet, h – the thickness of a light shield, wmax is determined by the Eq. (13).

A weight function of a light shield is rectangular. The signal at the input of an optical sensor has the form of a trapezium.

Fig. 6The signal at the input of a sensor with a thin blocking plane

The signal at the input of  a sensor with a thin blocking plane

Fig. 7The signal at the input of a sensor with a rectangular weight function of a light shield of constant final thickness

The signal at the input of a sensor with a rectangular weight function of a light shield of constant final thickness

In the case when the thickness of a light shield depends on the coordinate z (Fig. 8(а)), a weight function of a light shield has a rectangular form (Fig. 8(b)). A bullet moves along the normal to a middle line of a blocking plane. The signal at the input of an optical sensor has the form of a trapezium (Fig. 8(d)). A signal duration changes when z changes according to a shield thickness h, that is determined by the formula:

24
hz=xkz-xnz,

where xnz=12h2-h1L-zL+h1, xkz=12h2-h1L-zL+h2, 0<h<lplbullet.

In the case when the thickness of a light shield depends on the coordinate z when the bullet moves under the angle α (Fig. 9(а)), a weight function of a light shield has a rectangular form (Fig. 9(b)). The signal at the input of an optical sensor is divided into three linearly varying parts (Fig. 9(а)) by the formula:

25
Uin=wmaxx+h32, -h32xh32,wmaxh4-h3lp-h42x-h32+wmaxh3, h32xlp-h42+h32,wmaxlp+h42+h32-x, lp-h42+h32x<lp+h42+h32,0, x<-h32, x>lp+h42+h32.

In the case when the bullet length is smaller than the thickness of a blocking plane, a signal level, entering the input of an optical sensor, decreases.

In the case of weight functions presented in the Fig. 5(b)-5(d), the dependence Uin of an optical sensor from the coordinate x is determined by a quadratic equation [9] and the pattern of change Uin from x is nonlinear.

For example, for the case, when a weight function of a light shield has the form demonstrated in the Fig. 5(c) when xn=xk=x0, an input signal will have the following form (Fig. 10(b)) when lbullet>2x0 the signal level, entering the input of an optical sensor, will look like this:

26
Uin=wmax2x0x+x02, -x0xx0,wmax2x02x02-x0-x2, 0xx0,wmaxx0, x0x<lbullet-x0,-wmax2x02x02-x-lbullet+x02, lbullet-x0x<lbullet.

Fig. 8The signal at the input of a sensor with a rectangular weight function for a shield with thickness, that is dependent from z

The signal at the input of a sensor with a rectangular weight function for a shield with thickness, that is dependent from z

Fig. 9The signal at the input of a sensor with a rectangular weight function for a light shield with thickness, that is dependent from z when the bullet moves under the angle α to the horizontal

The signal at the input of a sensor with a rectangular weight function for a light shield with thickness, that is dependent from z when the bullet moves under the angle α to the horizontal

Fig. 10The signal at the input of an optical sensor for a weight function (Fig. 5(c)) of a light shield

The signal at the input of an optical sensor for a weight function (Fig. 5(c)) of a light shield

4. Results

Alight shield has a finite width. The width of a light shield depends on the length of the emitter, the length of a sensitive area of an optical sensor, the width of the diaphragm of the emitter and an optical sensor. Within the registration area a weight function of a light shield can have a form close to rectangle, trapezium and triangular.

The kind of a signal, entering the input of an optical sensor, is determined by the convolution of a weight function of a light shield and the bullet shadow. The bullet shadow is the function of change of light flow at the intersection of the bullets of light shield.

For a thin bullet, when we can neglect its diameter, the kind of a signal at the input of the sensor depends on maximum energy, blocked by a bullet at the intersection of a light shield; the thickness of the shield; the law of change of the shield thickness as a function of the distance to the emitter (receiver) and the angle of the intersection of the bullets of this shield.

In the case of a rectangle weight function signal fronts have a linear character. For a trapezium weight function, the fronts of an energy signal at the input of the sensor has a parabolic form with a smooth signal change at the beginning and at the end of the formation of the front and recession. This signal form substantially complicates the evaluation of the starting and final positions of a signal in any situations when you can hear noise.

For the evaluation of a valid signal at the input of an optical sensor, it is necessary to take into consideration a bullet shadow both on the normal to a light shield and to a light shield. As a whole, a signal at the input of an optical sensor is determined by the set of parameters. They are the angle of nutation δ and the procession ν of the bullet, the angle of the course ψ and the pitch ϑ shot, coordinates of the intersection of the bullets of a blocking plane x, y, z, angles of inclination of blocking planes, the size and form of the bullet shadow. The connection between listed angular parameters is determined by nonlinear equations. The equations that define a bullet shadow are also nonlinear. Weight functions of light shields depend on the coordinates. In a general sense, the equations of convolution of weight functions with a bullet shadow should be considered as parametric.

5. Conclusions

We suppose that the results we obtain can be used during the consideration than can influence on the error estimation of the determination of time moment at the intersection of the bullets of light shield and on the error estimation of the determination of coordinates when a bullet hits the target.

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About this article

Received
10 December 2018
Accepted
21 March 2019
Published
30 June 2019
Keywords
light target
light shield
optical sensor
weight function