Published: 13 September 2021

Geometrically non-linear free and forced vibration of a shallow arch

Omar Outassafte1
Ahmed Adri2
Yassine El Khouddar3
Said Rifai4
Rhali Benamar5
1, 2, 3, 4Hassan II University of Casablanca, EST, LMPGI, B.P.8012, Oasis Casablanca, Morocco
5Mohammed V University in Rabat, EMI-Rabat, LERSIM, Agdal, B.P. 765, Rabat, Morocco
Corresponding Author:
Rhali Benamar
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Abstract

The purpose of this present work is to investigate the geometrical non-linearity in free and forced vibration of a shallow arch elastically restrained at the ends. The non-linear governing equilibrium equation of the shallow arch is obtained after the Euler Bernoulli theory and the Von Karman geometrical non-linearity assumptions. After applying the ends conditions, the eigenvalues problem of the generalized trancendant equation have been determined iteratively using the Newton-Raphson algorithm. The kinetic and total strain energy have been discretized into a series of a finite spatial functions which are a combination of linear modes and basic function contribution coefficients. Using Hamilton’s principle energy and spectral analysis, the problem is reduced into a set of non-linear algebraic equations that solved numerically using an approximate explicit method developed previously the so-called second formulation. Considering a multimode approach, the effect of initial rise and concentrated force on non-linear behaviour of system has been illustrated in the backbone curves giving the non-linear amplitude-frequency dependence. The corresponding non-linear deflections and curvatures have been plotted for various vibration amplitudes.

Geometrically non-linear free and forced vibration of a shallow arch

1. Introduction

Investigating the geometrical non-linearity is one of the major consideration on the design process of the arches. The study of the geometrical non-linearity of a beams, plates ,shells and circular arches were investigated by the authors of [1-8]. The authors classified the arches following their shallowness ratio into two classes; shallow arches and deep or no-shallow arches. The present study will be mainly focused on the non-linear free and forced vibration of a sinusoidal shallow arch.

Many researchers have studied the static and dynamic of shallow arch, experimentally and theoretically. Raymond H. Plaut et al. [9] determined the form of the arch which maximizes the fundamental vibration frequency.

Nayfeh et al. [10] obtained an exact solution of the eigenvalue problems governing linear undumped free vibrations of buckled beam, W. Lacarbona and G. Rega [11] obtained the general conditions for orthogonality of the non-linear modes in case of two-to-one, two-to-three, and one-to-one resonance. Using the multiple scales method, Yi Z., Stanciulescu [12] constructed the NNMs by considering the quadratic and cubic nonlinearities for a shallow arch with one end elastically restrained in vertical and rotational directions in the case of two-to-one internal resonances.

George C. Tsiatas and Nick G. Babouskos [13] investigated the linear and geometrically non-linear response of non-uniform shallow arches under a central concentrated force and they assume that the shallow arches have increased overall stiffness contrary to straight beams. The harmonic balance method and pseudo arc-length method was applied by Si-Qin Ye et al. [14] to study non-linear vibration of curved structure with non-linear boundary conditions. The author of [15] used a technique that combining harmonic balance coupled with continuation scheme to determine the solutions for an entire range of externally applied loading. The effects of a low frequency parametric excitation for a double hinged shallow arch with lateral and sinusoidal chargement of arch have been investigated by F. Lakrad, W. Schiehlen [16]. E. Ozkaya et al were analyzed the effect of different elastic springs coefficients and locations on non-linear transverse vibration of curved beam using the multiple scale method [17]. All these authors confirmed that linear and non-linear frequencies and modes shapes are sensitive to the linear initial curvature.

In this present paper, the analyze of the geometrical non-linearity in free and forced vibration of a sinusoidal shallow arch elastically restrained at the ends, will be presented following the analogous of [18, 19]. The effects of the parameters such as the initial curvature and concentrated force were examined. The theoretical model is based on the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory and the von Kármán geometrical non-linearity assumptions. Harmonic motion is assumed and the transverse displacement is expended into a series of finites spatial functions. Using Hamilton’s principle energy, the problem is reduced into a set of non-linear algebraic equations solved numerically using an approximate method the so-called second formulation. Based on multimode approach, the non-linear behavior of system can be clearly observed in the backbone curves giving the non-linear amplitude-frequency dependence of the structure. The corresponding first and second non-linear deflections and curvatures of the arch are presented.

2. Mathematical review

2.1. The governing equation

In the preset study, an Euler-Bernoulli shallow arch with initial curvature w0(x), initial rise q and elastically restrained at the ends by vertical and rotational springs at left and right with stiffness coefficients Kt1, Kθ1, Kt2 and Kθ2 respectively. The expressions of the kinetic energy T, the axial strain energy Va and the bending strain energy Vb of the system represented in Fig. 1 may be written as:

1
T=12ρA0Lwx,tt2dx,
2
Va=12EA0Ldw0(x)dxw(x,t)x+12w(x,t)x2dx2,
3
Vb=12EI0L2w(x,t)x22dx.

The total strain energy of a shallow arch V can be expressed as the sum of the axial strain energy Va and the bending strain energy Vb as:

4
V=Va+Vb.

where L is the projected length of the beam, A cross-section, ρ is the density per unit length, I the moment of inertia, E the modulus of elasticity, w0(x) is the initial configuration function which is assumed to be:

5
w0x=q21-cos2πxL.

Fig. 1Schematic of vibration of a shallow arch supported by translational and rotational springs at both ends

Schematic of vibration of a shallow arch supported  by translational and rotational springs at both ends

The kinetic energy Eq. (1) and total strain energy Eq. (4) due to the bending and axial strain are used in Hamilton’s principle as defined in Eq. (5) to obtain the equilibrium equation of motion of a shallow arch, the longitudinal displacement is eliminated from the equations:

6
t1t2V-Tdt=0.

The corresponding equation of motion can be written as follows:

7
ρA2w(x,t)t2+EI4w(x,t)x2=EA2L2w(x,t)x2+d2w0(x)dx20Lw(x,t)x2+2dw0(x)dxw(x,t)xdx.

For convenience, the following non-dimensional variables are used:

8
x*=xL, w*=wr, w0*=w0r, t=t*EIρAL4, q*=qr,

where r=I/A is the radius of gyration of the cross section, x* is the dimensionless length, w*(x) is the dimensionless deflection from the initial configuration, w0*(x) the dimensionless initial curvature of the arch., q* is the dimensionless initial rise of the arch. The dimensionless equation of motion can be written as follows:

9
2w(x,t)t2+4w(x,t)x2=2w(x,t)x2+d2w0(x)dx201w(x,t)x2+2dw0(x)dxw(x,t)xdx.

The stars of the dimensionless parameter of equations are vanished to simplify their rewriting. The boundary conditions of system at left rand at right and are respectively.

The left end condition:

10
d3w*(x*)dx*3 x*=0=-Kt1w*x* x*=0=0, d2w*x*dx*2 x*=0=Kθ1dw*x*dx* x*=0=0.

The right end condition:

11
d3w*(x*)dx*3 x*=1=Kt2w*x* x*=1=0, d2w*(x*)dx*2 x*=1=-Kθ2dw*x*dx* x*=1=0.

2.2. Linear problem

The linear mode shapes and frequencies satisfy the following differential system:

12
2w(x,t)t2+4w(x,t)x2=d2w0(x)dx20L2dw0(x)dxw(x,t)xdx.

The motion is assumed to be harmonic w(x,t)=w(x)eiωt where i=-112 , ω is the linear frequency and wx is the mode shape function. The linear differential equation of motion becomes such bellow:

13
d4w(x)dx4-ω2w(x)=d2w0(x)dx201dw(x)dxdw0(x)dxdx.

The solution of the differential Eq. (13), may be written as a sum of homogenous a particular solution as [10]:

14
wx=c1coshω12x+c2sinhω12x+c3cosω12x+c4sinω12x+c5cos2πx.

The eigenvalues system 5×5 has been determined iteratively using Newton-Raphson algorithm.

The first five frequencies dependent to the initial rise of the arch have been plotted in Fig. 2 by assuming the vertical and rotational stiffness Kt1=Kθ1=Kt2=Kθ2= and considering the initial rise of the q varies in interval [0, 20].

In Fig. 3 and 4 the first eight symmetrical and anti-symmetrical modes shapes are plotted respectively for a value of initial rise q= 4.

Fig. 2Variation of the natural frequencies of the five modes of clamped-clamped shallow arch with non-dimensional rise, dash line (- -) for symmetrical modes, continuous line is for antisymmetrical modes

Variation of the natural frequencies of the five modes of clamped-clamped shallow arch with non-dimensional rise, dash line (- -) for symmetrical modes, continuous line is for antisymmetrical modes

The Fig. 2 shows the variation of the frequencies with the initial dimensionless rise of the arch. We noticed that only the symmetrical mode influenced by the initial rise dimensionless of the arch. The crossing phenomena between two approaching (first order and second order modes) exists at q= 9.168 and (third-order and fourth-order modes) at q= 16.713. The results are compared with those given by W. Lacarbonara and G. Rega in [11] and have a very good agreement as presented in Table 1. The first four linear symmetrical and antisymmetric mode shapes of the shallow arch are plotted respectively in Fig. 3 and 4 for an initial value q= 4.

Table 1The ratios frequencies of clamped-clamped shallow arch

Ratios
Frequencies
Present q
Ref. [3] q
1:1
ω1=ω2
9.168
9.15
1:1
ω3=ω4
16.713
16.72
2:1
ω2=2ω1
2.788
2.79
2:1
ω3=2ω2
3.01
3.01
3:1
ω3=3ω1
4.975
4.98
3:1
ω4=3ω1
10.782
10.78
3:1
ω3=3ω2
14.712
14.70

Fig. 3Symmetrical linear displacement wi for i= 1, 3, 5 and 7 for an initial rise q= 4

Symmetrical linear displacement wi for i= 1, 3, 5 and 7 for an initial rise q= 4

Fig. 4Anti- symmetrical linear displacement wi for i= 2, 4, 6 and 8 for an initial rise q= 4

Anti- symmetrical linear displacement wi for i= 2, 4, 6 and 8 for an initial rise q= 4

2.3. Formulation of the non-linear problem

To develop the non-linear theory, the transverse displacement function is expanded as a series of N basic spatial functions:

15
wx,t=qitwix=aiwisinωt.

Using a generalized parameterization and the usual summation convention defined in [4, 18], the kinetic energy, and the total strain energy due to axial and bending strain energy of the shallow arch can be expressed as:

16
T=12ω2aiajmijcos2ωt,
17
Va=12aiajkijsin2ωt,
18
Vb=12aiajakCijksin3ωt+12aiajakalbijklsin4ωt.

where mij, kij, Cijk and bijkl are respectively, the mass tensor, linear, cubic nonlinear and quadratic nonlinear rigidity of the shallow arch in which their expressions are defined as:

19
mij=ρA0Lwi(x)wj(x)dx,
20
kij=EI0L2wix22wjx2dx+EAL0Lwixdw0dxdx0Lwjxdw0dxdx,
21
Cijk=EAL0Lwixwjxdx0Lwkxw0xdx,
22
bijkl=EA4L0Lwixwjxdx0Lwkxwlxdx.

The coefficients ai are unknowns as well as the frequency ωi. The dynamic behavior of the beam is examined under a centered point force Fc applied at point xf and a distributed harmonic force Fd defined by:

23
Fdx,t=fdsinωt.

δ is the Dirac function, and Fict and Fidt are the corresponding concentrated force and generalized forces that expressed as:

24
Fict=Fcsinωtwix0dx=ficsinωt,
Fidt=Fdsinωt01wixdx=fidsinωt.

Using Hamilton’s principle defined in Eq. (5) and the matrix notation by taking into account the forcing term, the process leads to non-linear algebraic equations for the unknown coefficients ai that can be written in a matrix form as follows:

25
K-ω2MA+32B(A)A=F,

where A is a column vector of the basic functions contribution coefficients ai. To evaluate the non-dimensional parameter, ones put:

26
wix=hwi*xL=hwi*x*, mijmij*=ρAh2L, kijkij*=CijkCijk*=bijklbijl*=EIh2L3.

And the dimensionless generalized forces fic* and fid* are given by:

27
fi*c=FcR3EIh2wixf*, fi*d=FdL4EIh01wi*x*dx*.

Which leads to:

28
ω=EIρAL4,

where mij*, kij*, Cijk* and bijkl* are the non-dimensional generalized parameters given by:

29
mij*=01wi*(x)wj*(x)dx*,
30
kij*=*01wi*x*dw0*dx*dx*01wj*x*dw0*dx*dx*+012wi*x*22wj*x*2dx,
31
Cijk*=01wi*x*wj*x*dx*01wk*x*w0*x*dx*,
32
bijkl=α01wi*x*wj*x*dx*01wk*x*wl*x*dx*.

For a uniform rectangular cross-section, α= 3, since in this case, h2AI=12. The functions wi*, i=1,,n have been normalized in order to obtain the mass matrix equals the identity matrix. The corresponding integrals, defined in Eqs. (29)-(32), have been calculated numerically, using the Simpson’s rule. Eq. (25) can be rewritten in non-dimensional form as:

33
K*-ω2M*A+32B*(A)A=F*.

Using the tensorial notation, ones put:

34
aikir*+32aiajakbijkr*-aiω*2mir*=frc*, r=1,...,n.

Eq. (33) represents a set of nonlinear algebraic equations in which F* is a column vector of generalized forces. This equation appears as a generalization to the non-linear case of the classical linear forced response equation, very well known in linear modal analysis theory, to which the term 32B*(A)Acorresponding to the non-linear geometrical rigidity is added.

The parameters mij*, kij* and bijkl* have been solved numerically using Simpson’s method in range [0, 1] and the non-linear algebraic Eq. (34) has been solved using the formulation developed in [10] that called the second formulation, it is an approximation which consists to separate the nonlinear term of Eq. (34) into a terms proportional to a13 and terms proportional to a12εi and neglecting terms proportional to a1εiεj and terms proportional to εiεjεk one can write:

35
aiajakbijkr=a13b111r+a12εib11ir, r=1,...,n.

After substituting and rearranging, Eq. (35) can be written in matrix form as:

36
Kr*R-ω2Mr*RArR+32α*rRArR=Fr*-32ar3b111r*.

In which Kr*R = kij*R and Mr*R = mij*R are reduced rigidity and mass matrices associated with the first nonlinear mode, obtained by varying i and j, αr*R is a square matrix, depending on a1, whose general term αij* is equal to a12b11ir, and a13b111r is a column vector representing the right side of the linear system Eq. (32) in which the reduced unknown vector is ArR=ε2,ε3,...,εrT.

The modal contributions εi can be obtained easily by solving the non-linear system Eq. (35) of nequations and n unknowns. Higher nonlinear mode shapes may be obtained in a similar manner, using appropriate reduced matrix in each case.

Where the frequency ratio ω*2 is given from Eq. (34):

37
ωnl*ωl*2=32biiii*kii*ai2-fi*caikii*+1, i=1,,n,

where ωl* is the linear natural frequency parameter that can be written as:

38
ωl*2=kii*mii*, i=1,,n.

If free vibration case is considered the dependence of the non-linear frequency ratio ωnl*ωl* on the dimensionaless vibration amplitude wmax* is obtained from Eq. (37) by putting fi*c= 0. The normalized first nonlinear mode shape for a given assigned value a1 is then obtained as a series involving the arch modal parameters depending on the first six symmetric modes given by [18]:

39
Wnl1*x, a1=a1w1*x+ε3w3*(x)+ε5w5*(x)+ε7w7*(x)+ε9w9*(x)+ε11w11*(x).

In which the predominant term, proportional to the first linear mode shape, is a1w1*x and other terms, proportional to the higher modes w3*x,, w11*(x) are the corrections due to the non-linearity. For the second amplitude-dependent non-linear mode shape wnl2*x, a2 for a given assigned value a2 of the second function contribution, the predominant term is a2w2*x and other terms, proportional to the higher modes w4*x,, w12*(x) are the corrections due to the non-linearity.

3. Results and discussion

In this section, numerical results obtained for various values of the initial rise and levels of the excitation force will be presented via solution of the set of non-linear algebraic equations Eq. (36), based on the second formulation for the value of the stiffness of the translational and rotational springs at both ends Kt1=Kt2=Kθ1=Kθ2=.

The basic functions contributions εi for ith mode shapes, the corresponding maximum non-dimensional vibration amplitudes, and the curvatures at x= 0 are given in Table 2 and 3 for each given value of ai. It can be seen in this tables, that the contribution ai remains predominant for the whole range of vibration amplitudes considered, compared to the contributions εi of the other functions, it can be noticed also that the contribution coefficients εi increased according to the maximum non-dimensional amplitude wmax*.

The numerical solutions obtained, have been substituted in Eq. (36) in case of Fr*=0 and calculation has been made of the resulting vector {Residual}.

Fig. 5Backbone curves of clamped-clamped shallow arch, in the vicinity of the first mode, for various values of initial rises (q= 2, 4 and 8)

Backbone curves of clamped-clamped shallow arch, in the vicinity of the first mode,  for various values of initial rises (q= 2, 4 and 8)

Fig. 6The first normalized non-linear mode shape for q= 4

The first normalized non-linear mode shape for q= 4

Fig. 7The second normalized non-linear mode shape for q= 4

The second normalized non-linear mode shape for q= 4

In Fig. 5, the backbone curves giving the non-linear amplitude-frequency dependence, based on the multimode approach of a C–C shallow arch are plotted in the neighborhood of the first non-linear mode shape for various initial rise q= 2, 4 and 8. It may be noticed that increasing the initial rise the nonlinearity decreases, these results are due to the fact that when the initial rise is increased, the flexural rigidity of the arch increases. We can also notice from the Fig. 2 that the linear frequencies of symmetrical modes increase by the increasing of the initial rise, consequently the frequency ratio decreases since the linear frequency presents the denominator of the frequency ratio. However, in the second vibration mode, the non-dimensional frequency ratios exhibit the same behavior as the straight beam. These results are compatible with the results of linear regime.

The normalized non-dimensional vibration amplitude corresponding to the first and second mode shape are presented respectively in Fig. 6 and 7.

In Fig. 8 and 9, the curvature curves of clamped-clamped shallow arch, associated to the first and second non-linear deflection are plotted for various levels of vibration amplitudes by taking into account an initial rise q= 4.

Table 2Frequency ratios of free vibration in the first non-linear mode, curvatures and modal participation of a C-C shallow arch at various amplitudes obtained by the second formulation

ωnl*ωl*
wmax*
d2wdx2(0)
a1
ε3
ε5
ε7
ε9
ε11
Residual
1.000198
0.074687
2.608599
0.05
1,11E-06
5,22E-07
1,17E-07
3,60E-08
1,72E-08
8.43E-35
1.019601
0.745852
26.66276
0.5
0,00103
0,000506
0,000117
3,63E-05
1,73E-05
3.79E-29
1.076265
1.48718
56.22632
1
0,006837
0,003686
0,00092
0,000295
0,000139
7.47E-27
1.164595
2.223823
89.63892
1.5
0,018144
0,010791
0,002977
0,001
0,000467
1.49E-25

Table 3Frequency ratios of free vibration in the second non-linear mode, curvatures and modal participation of a C-C shallow arch at various amplitudes obtained by the second formulation

ωnl*ωl*
wmax*
d2wdx2(0)
a2
ε2
ε4
ε6
ε8
ε12
Residual
1.002089
0.0754
6.176212
0.05
2.24E-05
4.59E-06
1.23E-06
5.46E-07
-3.65E-08
4.62E-32
1.190862
0.7470
68.37282
0.5
0.016765
0.004105
0.00122
0.000563
-4.26E-05
4.85E-26
1.634812
1.4742
154.2536
1
0.077353
0.02398
0.008552
0.004223
-0.00041
2.10E-24
2.182516
2.1932
247.0735
1.5
0.155322
0.055208
0.022587
0.011836
-0.0015
4.24E-23

Table 4Comparison of the first non-linear frequency ratio ωnl*ωl* and maximal non-linear amplitude with those obtained in reference [4]

Ref. [4].
Present with q= 2
Present with q= 4
Present with q= 8
a1
ωnl*ωl*
Wmax*
ωnl*ωl*
Wmax*
ωnl*ωl*
Wmax*
ωnl*ωl*
Wmax*
0.05
1.001
0.079
1.00059
0.07824
1.0001
0.0746
1.00006
0.0636
0.5
1.106
0.789
1.0581
0.7792
1.0196
0.7462
1.0059
0.6369
1
1.361
1.554
1.2159
1.5432
1.0762
1.489
1.0237
1.2760
1.5
1.684
2.297
1.441
2.2905
1.1645
2.228
1.0527
1.9175

Table 5Comparison of the second non-linear frequency ratio ωnl*ωl* and maximal non-linear amplitude with those obtained in reference [4]

Ref. [4].
Present with q= 2
Present with q= 4
Present with q= 8
a2
ωnl*ωl*
Wmax*
ωnl*ωl*
Wmax*
ωnl*ωl*
Wmax*
ωnl*ωl*
Wmax*
0.05
1.002
0.075
1.002
0.0754
1.002
0.0754
1.002
0.0754
0.5
1.187
0.750
1.190
0.7470
1.190
0.7470
1.190
0.7493
1
1.603
1.488
1.634
1.4741
1.634
1.4742
1.634
1.4809
1.5
2.101
2.217
2.182
2.1946
2.182
2.1932
2.182
2.1992

Fig. 8The linear and non-linear curvature corresponding to the first mode shape for q= 4

The linear and non-linear curvature corresponding to the first mode shape for q= 4

Fig. 9The linear and non-linear curvatures corresponding to the second mode shape for q= 4

The linear and non-linear curvatures corresponding to the second mode shape for q= 4

Fig. 10Curvature distributions, associated to the first non-linear deflection, of a C–C shallow arch, for various values of initial rise (q = 2, 4 and 8) and a maximum non-dimensional amplitudes wmax*=1.5

Curvature distributions, associated to the first non-linear deflection, of a C–C shallow arch, for various values of initial rise (q = 2, 4 and 8) and a maximum non-dimensional amplitudes wmax*=1.5

The Table 4 and 5, present the values of the non-dimensional non-linear frequency ratios and the non-dimensional vibration amplitude of clamped-clamped shallow arch which are calculated using the second formulation for various values of the initial rise 𝑞. A comparison is made with a clamped-clamped beam straight beam [4].

The Table 5 shows that the frequency ratio remains constant along the variation of initial rise of the arch. In this case the same behavior of straight beam is may be observed. It was found, that for amplitude equal to 1 time the shallow arch thickness, the difference induced does not exceed 1.8 % for the non-dimensional frequency ratio and 0.48 % for the non-dimensional vibration in comparison with the results given by [4].

In Fig. 12 and 13, the non-linear frequency response functions of the shallow arch examined, are plotted in the neighborhood of the first non-linear mode shape, for various values of the concentrated force and initial rise (q= 2, 4 and 8).

In Figs. 10, the curvature distributions are plotted, associated to the first linear and non-linear deflection, of a C–C shallow arch in free vibration case, for various initial rise (2, 4, 8) and a maximum non-dimensional amplitudes wmax*=1.5. The corresponding values are summarized in Table 6, in which the percentage correction at the clamps and at the middles are given for various values of initial rise. An increase of curvature with the initial rise, especially at the clamped end of the shallow arch may be clearly observed.

Table 6 presents the calculation of the percentage correction between the curvatures via the nonlinear theory compared to the linear theory. it can be seen that the percentage correction at the middles of the arch reaches 17.74 % for q = 2, 2.91 % for q = 4, and 3.29 % for q = 8. In addition, it can be noticed that the maximum value of the linear and nonlinear curvature of the arch in case of q = 2, 4 and 8 is located near the clamped ends.

Table 6Effect of rise on the percentage correction between the curvatures estimated via the linear and nonlinear theories for various values of initial rise. Maximum non-dimensional amplitudes wmax*=1.5

q*
d2w*dx*2(0)
Percentage correction (%)
d2w*dx*212
Percentage correction (%)
Linear
Nonlinear
Linear
Nonlinear
2
46.11
58.06
20.58
–22.36
–18.99
17.74
4
52.15
57.30
8.98
–13.00
–13.39
2.91
8
73.04
75.59
3.37
5.95
–2.59
3.29

Table. 7 presents the contributions of the six symmetric modes. The calculation of the generalized forces led to the conclusion that the first mode is predominant.

The hardening behavior type of geometrical non-linearity can be clearly observed in Fig. 11-13. The discontinuities shown in Fig. 11-15 are due to the fact of the existence of three amplitudes for one range of frequency, this phenomenon is characteristic on non-linear systems, and is called a jump phenomenon. Another property of non-linear system can be clearly observed; the frequency-response functions are not proportional to the level of the concentrated forces applied.

By assuming a multimode approach used previously in [18], Eq. (37) is plotted in the neighborhood of the first non-linear mode shape in case of various values of concentrated force F* in Fig. 12 and various values of the initial rise q in Fig. 13. Figure 11 shows a comparison between the linear and nonlinear frequency response functions, where the shallow arch is excited by a concentrated force F*=100.

Table 7Percentage of generalized forces exciting the first six symmetric modes of a C-C shallow arch excited by uniformly distributed force over an interval [0, 1].

Modes
1
3
5
7
9
11
01wi*x*
0.6522
0.3572
0.2313
0.1697
0.1340
0.1095
01wi*x*i=11201wi*x*
0.3943
0.2159
0.1398
0.1026
0.0810
0.0662

In Fig. 12 and 13 the non-linear frequency response functions of the shallow arch are plotted in the neighborhood of the first non-linear mode shape for various levels of the concentrated force and initial rise q. The hardening type of geometrical non-linearity of the clamped-clamped shallow arch excited by a concentrated force is decreased in a remarkable way with increasing the initial rise. This is due to the fact that when the initial rise is increased, the flexural rigidity of the arch decreases.

The response curves have been illustrated for two cases: the first, the C-C shallow arch was excited by a concentric harmonic excitation in Fig. 12 and 13, in the second, by a uniformly distributed force in Fig. 14 and 15. It may be observed from these figures, the hardening type of geometrical non-linearity also the jump phenomenon where for the same frequency range, several results are possible, as well as the non-proportional evolution of the frequency response to the intensity of excitation.

Fig. 11Linear and nonlinear frequency response functions comparison for F*= 100 and q= 2

Linear and nonlinear frequency response functions comparison for F*= 100 and q= 2

Fig. 12Nonlinear frequency response functions, based on the multimode approach, of a C-C shallow arch and various levels of the concentrated forces

Nonlinear frequency response functions, based on the multimode approach,  of a C-C shallow arch and various levels of the concentrated forces

Fig. 13Nonlinear frequency response functions, based on the multimode approach, of a C-C shallow arch for a concentrated forces F*= 100 and various levels of q

Nonlinear frequency response functions, based on the multimode approach,  of a C-C shallow arch for a concentrated forces F*= 100 and various levels of q

Fig. 14Nonlinear frequency response functions. based on the multimode approach. of a C-C shallow arch and various levels of excitation: in case uniformly distributed harmonic force.

Nonlinear frequency response functions. based on the multimode approach. of a C-C shallow arch and various levels of excitation: in case uniformly distributed harmonic force.

Fig. 15Nonlinear frequency response functions. based on the multimode approach. of a C-C shallow arch for a harmonic force uniformly distributed Fd=100 and various levels of q.

Nonlinear frequency response functions. based on the multimode approach. of a C-C shallow arch for a harmonic force uniformly distributed Fd=100 and various levels of q.

4. Conclusions

A theoretical model to analyze the large vibration amplitude of shallow arch was presented to examine the geometrical non-linearity in transverse vibration of a shallow arch. The linear frequencies were obtained iteratively using the Newton-Raphson algorithm. The mathematical formulation of the problem is based on the Euler-Bernoulli theory and the Von Karman assumptions. The kinetic and total strain energy were derived and discretized into a series of a finites spatial functions by applying Hamilton’s principle energy and spectral analysis. The problem was reduced into a set of non-linear algebraic equations solved numerically using an approximate method developed previously the so-called second formulation. The effect of the initial rise and the concentrated force on non-linear behavior of the arch was analyzed. It is found that only the symmetrical modes shapes are influenced by the initial rise, these results are due to the fact that when the initial rise is increased, the flexural rigidity of the arch increases. The passage from straight beam to curved beam is very sensitive and depends on the functionality of the future structure, but it is known that curved beam or shallow arch are very performed in case of structure which will support a higher load, because it cans resist more and avoid the earlier deflection of structure.

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About this article

Received
31 December 2020
Accepted
18 April 2021
Published
13 September 2021
SUBJECTS
Mechanical vibrations and applications
Keywords
free and forced vibration
shallow arch
Newton-Raphson
Hamilton’s principle
second formulation
initial rise
backbone curves