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Published: 30 June 2022
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Hybrid energy efficiency mapping in major Saudi locations using small wind turbine-solar systems

Abdulrahman Alghamdi1
Talal S Mandourah2
1, 2Mechanical of Engineering Department, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
Corresponding Author:
Abdulrahman Alghamdi
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Abstract

The use of fossil fuels of all kinds, such as natural gas, coal and petroleum in energy production, is the main cause of environmental pollution from air, water and soil, which is the direct cause of acid rain, the destruction of forests, the acidity of lakes, and the extinction of many living creatures that could not resist what happened Burning this fuel is due to a change in the surrounding environment. From this, it becomes clear to us the need for new sources to produce clean energy that does not pollute the environment, and work must be developed on these new sources for use in the production of clean energy in the coming years. The purpose of this work is to determine the efficiency of vertical axis turbines to be among the components of a hybrid system (solar/wind) to generate electric power in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The work seeks to answer the research question, what is the efficiency of vertical axis turbines in generating electricity within a hybrid system (solar/wind) to generate electric power in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The aim of the work is to analyze the vertical axis turbines and determine efficiency within the hybrid system in the regions of Saudi Arabia. There are many renewable energy sources (wind, solar thermal energy, solar photovoltaic, biomass, small and large hydropower and geothermal energy). But their efficiency is not stable from time to time, so the idea of hybrid energy came to make up for the shortage, by integrating the energy source Renewables with one or more other sources of energy (In 1999, McGowan and Manwell (1999) presented a summary of WND-PV-DSL HPS progress in the United States.) whether it is a non-renewable or renewable source [1].

Hybrid energy efficiency mapping in major Saudi locations using small wind turbine-solar systems

Highlights

  • Small Wind Turbine-Solar Systems
  • Hybrid Energy Efficiency Mapping in major Saudi Locations
  • Renewable Energy in Saudi Arabia and Vision 2030

1. Introduction

1.1. Wind energy

Wind has kinetic energy that can be converted into electrical energy by turbines connected to fans of many types, and this type is abundant, renewable, widely distributed, clean, does not produce greenhouse gases emissions during operation, consumes no water, uses little land, and is less expensive than the physical aspect [2]. Wind energy can be classified into onshore and offshore according to the location of the facility. Offshore wind energy is characterized by stability, strength, and less visual impact, but the construction and maintenance costs are high [3]. Wind energy can be benefited from by connecting generators to the network, as is the case in large, medium, megawatt and even small systems that are usually separated from the network and used in isolated areas.

1.2. Solar energy

Solar energy is the cleanest source of energy, and it is transmitted in the form of electromagnetic radiation (or photons) of different wavelengths, of which it reaches the Earth for a period of 0.3-2.4 nanometer [4]. Solar energy can be converted into electrical energy by the following methods.

1.2.1. Solar cells (photovoltaic cells) (PV)

Each photon carries an amount of energy that it transfers completely to one of the electrons of the material falling on it, and if the frequency of the incident light is greater than the threshold frequency of the metal, then the electron is emitted from the surface of the metal, forming what is called the light current that is proportional to the intensity of the light (the number of photons) incident, this process is known as the photoelectric phenomenon [5].

1.2.2. Thermal conversion

Solar thermal energy is technologies that use heat energy from the sun directly to heat a carrier or heat carrier, which is most often water. The resulting hot water can be used for domestic and industrial purposes, and has virtually no carbon emissions because no fuel is burned to heat the water [6]. There are also advanced solar heat energy systems capable of trapping and collecting the sun’s energy to produce steam that is used to drive turbines to produce electricity.

1.2.3. A review of the concept of hybrid energy and examples of it

A hybrid energy system is a system that combines two or more energy sources. The need to think of such systems is to reduce cost and reduce dependence on fossil fuels, and to find environmentally friendly systems with high efficiency, examples of which are:

– Geothermal+solarPV.

– Biomass+solarCSP.

– SolarPV+fuelcells.

– Wind+solarPV.

– Biodiesel+wind.

– Gas+solarCSP.

– Coal+solar CSP [7].

Our study in this paper focuses on small hybrid power installations that can provide a capacity ranging from 5 watts to 30 watts, which consists of a turbine to generate energy by wind in addition to solar panels, and work has been done on ten different regions in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and a study The efficiency of five different wind turbines.

2. Wind energy in Saudi Arabia

2.1. Wind speed in Saudi Arabia

The wind speed in the Kingdom ranges from (1.2-22.1) m/s and at a rate of 2.1 m/s at the standard height, and Table 1 shows the values of wind speed at the standard height in ten Saudi regions sourced from NASA [8].

The wind speed changes with the change in height from the surface of the earth, according to Eq. (1), and the Fig. 1 shows this change [9]:

1
Vz=Vg(Z/Zg)1/α ,

where Vz – mean wind speed at height Z above ground, Vg – gradient wind speed assumed constant above the boundary layer Z – height above ground, Zg – nominal height of boundary layer, which depends on the exposure (values for Zg are given in Fig. 1, α – power law coefficient).

We note from the observed values of wind speed that the winds are more active in the summer and spring seasons in the northern and central regions, while in the southern regions their average speeds are greater in the second third of the year [10], and this can be seen by looking at Fig. 2.

Fig. 1The wind speed changes with height

The wind speed changes with height

Table 1The mean and max of wind speed (m/s) at gradient height in the ten regions for every month, (NASA)

City
month
Wind speed (m/s)
Riyadh
Makkah
Neom
Dammam
Al
Jouf
Red Sea
project
Hafar
Al-Batin
Jeddah
Asir
Rub’-al
Khali
Jan
mean
2
2.4
1.6
1.9
2.2
1.5
2.1
1.9
1.2
1.4
max
6.3
7.4
8.1
8.3
10.7
4.9
13.8
8.5
5.6
8.2
Feb
mean
2
2.6
1.6
2
2.5
1.5
2.4
2
1.3
1.5
max
4.6
10.2
8.6
6.6
11.7
7.4
13.5
10.3
8
7
Mar
mean
2.1
2.5
1.6
2.2
2.6
1.6
2.7
1.9
1.5
1.6
max
5.7
9.3
7.4
5.7
14.5
7.4
16
9.2
8.5
9.2
Apr
mean
2.1
2.1
1.6
2.3
2.8
1.7
3.1
1.8
1.6
1.7
max
4.9
8.2
7.1
6.9
13.8
7.1
14.9
8.1
9
8
May
mean
2.1
2
1.9
2.4
2.7
1.8
3
1.9
1.5
1.6
max
7.8
7.6
7.1
9.8
13.8
7.1
14.6
8.2
6.6
7.2
Jun
mean
2.6
2.1
1.9
2.7
2.5
1.8
3.1
2.4
1.5
1.7
max
7.7
8
6.8
8.7
9.9
6.8
13.2
9
9
8.2
Jul
mean
2.2
2.3
2.1
2.3
2.6
2
3
2.4
2.5
3.1
max
6.7
8.2
6.8
9.7
9.6
6.8
11.6
7.8
7
11
Aug
mean
2.1
2.1
2
2.2
2.3
1.9
2.5
2.5
2.2
2.5
max
7
8.2
6.6
8
8.8
6.6
9.3
7.7
5
8
Sep
mean
1.7
2.1
1.5
1.9
2
1.6
2.3
1.7
1.7
2.1
max
7.1
9.9
5.2
9.1
8.8
5.2
9.9
7.7
8
8.2
Oct
mean
1.6
2
1.4
1.8
2.1
1.3
1.9
1.8
1.6
1.7
max
6.7
8
4.3
9.7
9.3
4.3
22.1
4.8
5.3
11.1
Nov
mean
1.8
2
1.2
1.9
2
1.2
1.8
1.5
1.2
1.5
max
5.4
6
4.1
5.8
11
4.1
12.1
5.2
6
12
Dec
mean
2.1
2
1.3
2.2
2
1.3
1.7
1.4
1.3
1.5
max
6.7
6
3.5
8.7
12.1
3.5
13.2
8.1
5.2
8.2

Fig. 2The average annual wind speed in different cities in KSA

The average annual wind speed in different cities in KSA

2.2. Renewable energy in Saudi Arabia and vision 2030

The National Renewable Energy Program was launched in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, which is a strategic initiative under the umbrella of Vision 2030 and the National Transformation Program [11]. The program is aimed at the sustainable increase in the resurrection of the resources of energy sources in the kingdom to reach 45.3 GW in 2020 AD, that is, equivalent to 4 % of the total production of the Kingdom and 3.27 GW by the year 2023 AD, that is, more than 10 % of the property The energy sector also aspires to be one of the main generators of jobs in the country in the next decade, amid promoting the necessary investments by relying on generating 30 % of energy by 2030 [12].

3. Wind turbines

3.1. Helical-Blade vertical-axis wind turbine

In this type of vertical wind turbine, the average output power is 100 watts when the average wind speed is 9 m/sec, and its operating speed is 3.5 m/sec and with a power factor of 0.15 [13], the Fig. 4 shows the power produced from this turbine when operating in a number of From the cities, by taking the average wind speed in these cities after ignoring the speeds that are less than 3.5 m/s [5].

Fig. 3Helical-blade vertical-axis wind turbine [2]

Helical-blade vertical-axis wind turbine [2]

The electric capacity produced at several heights was calculated in the ten regions, and Fig. 4 the power values in the months of the year and in all the regions under study.

Fig. 4The electrical power at different heights using Helical-Blade vertical-axis wind turbine

The electrical power at different heights using Helical-Blade vertical-axis wind turbine

a) 10 m

The electrical power at different heights using Helical-Blade vertical-axis wind turbine

b) 20 m

The electrical power at different heights using Helical-Blade vertical-axis wind turbine

c) 30 m

The electrical power at different heights using Helical-Blade vertical-axis wind turbine

d) 40 m

The electrical power at different heights using Helical-Blade vertical-axis wind turbine

e) 50 m

3.2. Small H-Type Darrieus vertical-axis wind turbine

Energy calculations were made on this type in the ten cities by taking the minimum wind speed required to operate the turbine, and the Table 2 shows the characteristics of this turbine and the following graphs show the electric energy produced at different heights [14].

Fig. 5Small H-Type Darrieus vertical-axis wind turbine

Small H-Type Darrieus vertical-axis wind turbine

The characteristics of this turbine, are good for employment in small projects. It has a diameter that does not exceed one meter, and the length of the plates is 1.5 meters, and the operating speed is 2 m/s, and this speed is excellent compared to the rest of the small turbines, but what is wrong with this turbine is that the cutting speed is up to 12 m/s. This is a rather low speed, especially if we know that a number of regions have winds that reach much higher than this number for limited periods [15].

When operating this turbine in the areas concerned with the study, it was found that the electric power produced ranged between 8 watts at a height of 10 meters and 22 watts at a height of 50 meters [17], and these values are the maximum values in the different regions, as shown in Fig. 6.

Fig. 6The electrical power at different heights using Small H-Type Darrieus vertical-axis wind turbine

The electrical power at different heights using Small H-Type Darrieus vertical-axis wind turbine

a) 10 m

The electrical power at different heights using Small H-Type Darrieus vertical-axis wind turbine

b) 20 m

The electrical power at different heights using Small H-Type Darrieus vertical-axis wind turbine

c) 30 m

The electrical power at different heights using Small H-Type Darrieus vertical-axis wind turbine

d) 40 m

The electrical power at different heights using Small H-Type Darrieus vertical-axis wind turbine

e) 50 m

Table 2Small H-type vertical axes wind turbine parameters [16]

Component
Parameter
Value
Rotor
Diameter
1 m
Length
1.5 m
Weight
15 kg
No. of blades
3
Materials
Expanded Polypropylene
Cut-in wind speed
2 m/s
Rated wind speed
9 m/s
Cut-out wind speed
12 m/s
Generator
Type
Permanent Management 3-Phase AC Generator
Rated power
33 W
Rotor speed range
0-400 RPM
Pole number
10
Weight
18 kg

3.3. Savonius wind turbine

By taking a plate diameter of 60 cm and a height of 100 cm, the following graphs show the electrical energy produced at several heights.

Fig. 7Savonius wind turbine

Savonius wind turbine

The electrical energy produced when operating this turbine at altitudes of 10 m to 50 m ranges from 12 W to 30 W in the highest wind speed regions as shown in Fig. 8.

Fig. 8The electrical power at different heights using Savonius wind turbine

The electrical power at different heights using Savonius wind turbine

a) 10 m

The electrical power at different heights using Savonius wind turbine

b) 20 m

The electrical power at different heights using Savonius wind turbine

c) 30 m

The electrical power at different heights using Savonius wind turbine

d) 40 m

The electrical power at different heights using Savonius wind turbine

e) 50 m

4. Vertical wind turbine 10 kw

In this turbine, the electric power produced ranged from 8 watts to 22 watts, and this turbine is of the medium type that can be used as a supplier for some small stations or rural homes.

Fig. 9Vertical wind turbine 100 kw

Vertical wind turbine 100 kw

Fig. 10The electrical power at different heights using vertical wind turbine 100 kw turbine

The electrical power at different heights using vertical wind turbine 100 kw turbine

a) 10 m

The electrical power at different heights using vertical wind turbine 100 kw turbine

b) 20 m

The electrical power at different heights using vertical wind turbine 100 kw turbine

c) 30 m

The electrical power at different heights using vertical wind turbine 100 kw turbine

d) 40 m

The electrical power at different heights using vertical wind turbine 100 kw turbine

e) 50 m

Table 3Vertical wind turbine 10 kw parameters [18]

Rated power
10 kW
Maximum output power
12 kW
Output voltage
300/380 V
Rotor height
6.0 m (19.7 ft)
Rotor diameter
5.5 m (18.0 ft)
Start-up wind speed
2.5 m/s (5.6 mph)
Rated wind speed
11 m/s (24.6 mph)
Survival wind speed
52.5 m/s (117.4 mph)
Generator
Permanent magnetic generator
Generator efficiency
>0.96
Turbine weight
680 kg (1499.1 lbs)
Noise
<45dB(A)
Temperature range
–20 °C to +50 °C
Design lifetime
20 years

Fig. 11Average annual GHI in different sites in Saudi Arabia

Average annual GHI in different sites in Saudi Arabia

5. Solar energy

The values of radiation (GHI) rates for solar energy in all of the target areas in the study were taken from NASA website, as shown in the Table 4. The GHI values were calculated using Eq. (2):

2
GHI=DNI*cosSZA+DHI,

where: GHI – Global horizontal irradiance, DNI – Direct normal irradiance, DHI – Diffuse horizontal irradiance, SZA – the solar zenith angle.

Table 4GHI for several cities in KSA Over the year (Wh/m2/Day) [19]

City month
Riyadh
Makkah
Neom
Dammam
Al Jouf
Red Sea Project
Hafar Al-Batin
Jeddah
Asir
Rub’al Khali
Jan
4270
4566
4370
3570
3390
4240
3230
4356
5295
4710
Feb
5310
5288
5330
4490
4440
5100
4230
5247
5831
5310
Mar
6510
6144
6210
5290
5560
6030
5230
6254
6711
6080
Apr
7430
6544
7530
6150
6780
6780
6070
6940
7190
6840
May
7870
6702
7970
7170
7390
7140
7180
7325
7224
7620
Jun
8580
7214
8234
8000
8360
7780
7940
7458
7262
7630
Jul
8320
6947
8245
7570
8150
7440
7850
7640
7073
7040
Aug
7770
6652
7325
7210
7570
6940
7340
7180
6921
6950
Sep
6930
6259
5458
6530
6460
6250
6330
6340
6871
6680
Oct
5570
5761
4625
5400
4760
5220
4910
5230
6494
6060
Nov
4590
4866
4215
4030
3550
4350
3390
4360
5577
5250
Dec
4000
4346
3956
3250
3030
3910
2770
3920
5114
4460
Average
6429
5941
6122
5722
5787
5932
5539
6021
6464
6219

Table 5Electricity produced by solar panels of all types listed in all regions [1]

Solar plate
City
Riyadh
Makkah
Neum
Dammam
Al –Jouf
Red Sea Project
Hafar Al-Batin
Jeddah
Asir
Rub’ al Khali
PERC
1607
1485
1531
1430
1447
1483
1385
1507
1616
1555
Monocrystalline
1286
1188
1224
1144
1157
1186
1108
1206
1293
1244
Polycrystalline
1029
951
980
915
926
949
886
965
1034
995
CIGS
900
832
857
801
810
830
775
844
905
871
CdTe
643
594
612
572
579
593
554
603
646
622
Amorphous silicon (a-Si)
450
416
429
401
405
415
388
422
452
435

Fig. 12Electricity produced by solar panels of all types listed in all regions 100 kw turbine

Electricity produced by solar panels of all types listed in all regions 100 kw turbine

6. Results and discussions

We note that the first turbine starts working at a wind speed of 3.6 m/s, and this is a high speed that makes the application of this turbine in selected areas, of limited benefit at altitudes less than 30 m, but it is possible to apply it at a height of 50 m and more, which limits the possibility of practical applications to use this turbine, while we find that the second turbine operates at wind speeds of 2 m/s, and above and produces electrical energy from 2 watts to 18 watts at a rate of 5.2 watts, and increases its energy production in the summer and spring seasons [6]. As for the third type, it produces energies ranging from 12 watts at a height of 10 m and 30 watts at a height of 50 m, and with a slightly higher efficiency than the second turbine, the fourth turbine.

As for solar energy, the study shows that the first type of panels gives higher energies than the rest of the types, and therefore where one square meter of these panels produces between 1.4 watts, as in the city of Makkah, for example, to 1.8 kilo watts in Asir, compared to the rest of the panels. especially good that some panels give less than 0.5 watts.

The performance of the Helical-Blade turbine was very poor at normal altitudes in all the areas under study, and at higher altitudes, its performance was somewhat acceptable at a height of 50 m in the city of Hafr Al-Batin, but in the rest of the cities it is not convincing, and we also note that it does not work in a monthly 10 and 11 in all regions [20].

As for the rest of the turbines, the energy produced from them was acceptable, reaching 30 watts in some cities, as is the case for the Savonius wind turbine at a height of 50 m.

As for solar energy, we find that GHI rates are good in most areas. The energy values produced range between 400 watts and 1600 watts using different types of solar panels [21].

7. Conclusions

This study shows, that the use of the second type of wind turbine with the use of two solar panels of the first type can provide energy of up to 5 kilowatts at high altitudes (30 m and higher) sufficient to operate a communications tower, for example, and up to 2 kilowatts at a height 10 m and enough to operate lights and chargers for stretchers in the bus parking lot.

It is also not recommended to use the Helical-Blade turbine in different areas and at lower altitudes, and the Vertical wind turbine 10 kw can be used depending on the good results that have been achieved for this turbine.

In Hafr Al-Batin, most turbines can be used due to good wind speed rates, and in cities such as Riyadh and Asir, we find that solar energy is high, so it can be relied upon in many small projects, such as street lighting, for example.

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About this article

Received
31 May 2022
Accepted
17 June 2022
Published
30 June 2022
DOI
https://doi.org/10.21595/jets.2022.22740
Keywords
wind energy
renewable energy
solar energy
hybrid energy
wind energy in Saudi Arabia
renewable energy in Saudi Arabia
GHI in Saudi Arabia
Copyright © 2022 Abdulrahman Alghamdi, et al.
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