Published: September 30, 2025

Modeling the operation of an eccentric-pendulum resonant vibration stand for testing aviation industry products

Taras Svyshch1
Oleksii Lanets2
Pavlo Maistruk3
Iryna Derevenko4
Ihor Nazar5
Ivan Khomych6
1Department of Design Machine and Automotive Engineering, Lviv Polytechnic National University, Lviv, Ukraine
2, 5, 6Department of Aviation and Manufacturing Engineering, Lviv Polytechnic National University, Lviv, Ukraine
3Department of Robotics and Integrated Mechanical Engineering Technologies, Lviv Polytechnic National University, Lviv, Ukraine
4Department of Strength of Materials and Structural Mechanics, Lviv Polytechnic National University, Lviv, Ukraine
Corresponding Author:
Pavlo Maistruk
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Abstract

The article presents a mathematical model of the oscillation system of a resonant vibration stand with an eccentric-pendulum drive. The principle of operation of this stand is as follows. A shaft is installed in the body of the reactive body, on which a pendulum is placed with eccentricity. The shaft is driven by an asynchronous electric motor through a flexible coupling. The pendulum and the reactive body are periodically displaced relative to each other by the amount of eccentricity due to the rotation of the shaft. The working (active) body is disturbed by the movement of the reactive body. The article outlines the advantages of machines of this type in comparison with the most common types. A mathematical model is compiled in the form of seven second-order differential equations. The parameters of the mechanical oscillation system and drive are given. The operation of the oscillation system of the resonant vibration stand is simulated. As a result of mathematical modeling, it was established that this model of the vibration stand is promising for implementation in industry.

Modeling the operation of an eccentric-pendulum resonant vibration stand for testing aviation industry products

Highlights

  • The developed and analyzed mathematical model of the eccentric-pendulum type vibrating table in transient and steady-state operating modes indicates that the design is operational. Analysis of the motion of the oscillating masses confirms the correctness of the parameters set.
  • Thanks to the use of a pendulum, it is possible to minimize the amplitudes of vibrations of the vibration stand in the horizontal direction.
  • The implementation of a working body driven by a kinematically perturbed reactive body enabled a 2.5-fold increase in the vertical vibration amplitudes compared to the previous design.

1. Introduction

Specialized stands are widely used for vibration testing of aviation industry products. Such vibration stands are used to establish the natural frequencies of the structure under study or for long-term vibration resistance testing. The first type of stands provides a wide range of changes in the frequency of forced oscillations [1], the second type mainly operates at a clearly established frequency. The object of study of this article is the second type of vibration stands, operating at a clearly established frequency of forced oscillations. Such stands have much in common with vibration technological equipment.

Resonant designs of vibration tables (stands) are known, which provide amplification of vibrations in the vertical direction, but do not prevent lateral and angular perturbation of the working body [2]. To prevent this, two vibrator motors are used in industry, rotating towards each other [3]-[5]. More complex inertial drive designs are also used [6], [7]. But this further complicates the two-mass design. It is more expedient to implement a structurally simpler resonant vibrating table with an unbalanced drive [5]. It uses paired vibrator motors, the vibration exciters of which rotate towards each other, allowing only the vertical component of the disturbance. However, in such a design, a change in the load mass and a change in its location on the surface of the vibrating table can cause undesirable transient processes, during which lateral and angular vibrations will occur due to a violation of the self-synchronization of the two vibration exciters.

Vibration machines with an electromagnetic drive are also used as technological equipment. However, the highly efficient designs [8], [9] of such vibration machines have a number of disadvantages, in particular those related to the stability of functioning in the interresonant oscillation mode.

There are vibration drives with an eccentric-pendulum drive [10] and crank-type exciters [11, 12]. Such machines are partially devoid of the disadvantages of vibration machines with an unbalanced drive. They reach the nominal operating modes from a state of rest in a short period of time and rapidly stop. Structurally, the vertical directional movement of the working body is simply implemented. Working near such vibrating equipment is much safer. However, such equipment is non-resonant.

The authors of the article will demonstrate an attempt to implement a model of a resonant vibration stand using an eccentric-pendulum drive. It is assumed to use only one electric motor and the absence of mechanisms for forced direction of oscillations.

2. Description of the schematic diagram and dynamic model of a resonant vibration stand with an eccentric-pendulum drive

Fig. 1 shows a schematic diagram of the proposed eccentric-pendulum type vibration stand. The working body 1 is connected to the reactive body 3 through resonant elastic elements 2, which are mounted on the foundation through vibration isolators 4 (elements with a low stiffness coefficient in the vertical direction). The drive shaft 5 is installed in the housing of the reactive body 3, on which the pendulum 6 is mounted with eccentricity ε. The shaft 5 is driven by an asynchronous electric motor 8 through a flexible coupling 7. The pendulum 6 and the reactive body 3 are periodically displaced relative to each other by an amount ε due to the rotation of the shaft 5. The working (active) body 1 is disturbed by the movement of the reactive body 3. The glider wing 9 is rigidly cantilevered to the working body. This stand is being developed precisely to study the vibration resistance of the glider wing.

Fig. 1Schematic diagram of a resonant vibration stand with an eccentric-pendulum drive: 1 – working body; 2 – flat springs; 3 – reactive body; 4 – vibration isolators; 5 – drive shaft; 6 – pendulum; 7 – flexible coupling; 8 – electric motor; 9 – glider wing

Schematic diagram of a resonant vibration stand with an eccentric-pendulum drive: 1 – working body; 2 – flat springs; 3 – reactive body; 4 – vibration isolators; 5 – drive shaft; 6 – pendulum;  7 – flexible coupling; 8 – electric motor; 9 – glider wing

Consider a flat model of a vibration stand (Fig. 2). Establish a basic coordinate system xyz, the plane xy of which is perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the shaft with eccentricity, and the axis y is directed vertically. The axis z coincides with the center of mass m1. The oscillatory system consists of four absolutely rigid bodies: a working body with a mass m0 (taking into account the load) with a moment of inertia J0 about the axis passing through its center of mass perpendicular to the plane; xy a reactive body with a mass m1 with a moment of inertia J1; an eccentric shaft with a mass m2 with a moment of inertia about the axis of rotation J2 and a pendulum with a mass m3 with a moment of inertia J3 about the axis passing through its center of mass perpendicular to the plane xy. The parameter J2 takes into account the moment of inertia of the rotor of the electric motor, in contrast to the parameter m2, which does not take into account the mass of the rotor. This is related to the fact that, due to the use of a lobe clutch, a mechanical decoupling is established between the shaft and the electric motor along the axes x and y. According to this, the oscillatory motion of the reactive body has practically no effect on the rotor of the electric motor. The working body m0 is connected by mass to the reactive body by mass m1 through resonant elastic elements with stiffness coefficient c01 along the axis y. It is assumed that the mass m0 rotates together with the mass m1.

Fig. 2Dynamic model of a resonant vibration stand with an eccentric-pendulum drive: plane xy is perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the shaft with eccentricity, axis z coincides with the center of mass m1

Dynamic model of a resonant vibration stand with an eccentric-pendulum drive:  plane xy is perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the shaft with eccentricity,  axis z coincides with the center of mass m1

The motion of the system can be described using the following independent coordinates: oscillation of the mass m0 along the axis y by the generalized coordinate y0; oscillation of the mass m1 along the axes x, y and around its own center of mass in the plane xy by the generalized coordinates x1, y1 and φ1; rotational motion of the masses m2 and m3 around their own centers of mass in the plane xy by the generalized coordinates φ2 and φ3. Furthermore, we additionally consider the moment of disturbance M of the electric motor as a generalized coordinate. Therefore, the oscillatory system has seven degrees of freedom.

The distance from the center of mass m0 to the center of mass m1 is denoted by H01. The distance from the center of mass m1 to the shaft axis is denoted by H12, and from the shaft to the center of mass m3H23. The horizontal distance from the vibration isolators to the center of mass of the reactive body is denoted by Hiz . The vibration system is mounted on a fixed base through vibration isolators attached from below to the reactive body, and their stiffness coefficients along the axes x and y are respectively cx and cy. To take into account the effect of the load on the working body, the viscous resistance coefficient is introduced μ0. The coefficients μx and μy determine the energy dissipation in the vibration isolators during the movement of the mass m1 along the axes, respectively, x and y. The coefficient μ2 reflects the viscous friction in the bearings between the reactive body and the shaft (between the masses m1 and m2), and μ3 between the shaft and the pendulum (between the masses m2 and m3). The dynamic effect of the cantilevered wing on the working body is not considered in this study.

The linear and angular coordinates for each of the masses m0, m1, m2 and m3 can be written as follows. By deviating the center of mass from the equilibrium position m1, its generalized coordinates along the axes x and y are written as -x1 and -y1 (Fig. 2). The working body (mass m0) moves along the axis y along the generalized coordinate y0. The angular deviation of the mass m0 and mass m1 from its own center of mass is determined by the angular coordinate φ1. The angular deviations of the masses m2 and m3 around their own centers of mass are determined by the angular coordinates respectively φ2 and -φ3.

The remaining linear coordinates of the centers of mass m0, m2 and m3 are dependent and are determined through generalized coordinates as follows: x0=-x1-H02sinφ1;x2=-x1+H12sinφ1;x3=-x1+H12sinφ1+εcosφ2-H23sinφ3;y2=-y1-H12cosφ1; y3=-y1-H12cosφ1+εsinφ2-H23cosφ3.

Therefore, there are 12 coordinates that completely describe the motion of the four oscillating masses in the plane. Since the angular oscillations of the jet body (mass m1) and the pendulum (mass m3) around their own centers of mass are small, to simplify further calculations we will use the following approximations: sinφ1,3φ1,3, cosφ1,31, which are valid for small values of φ1,3. The system of differential equations of motion of oscillating masses in seven generalized coordinates is formed using generalized Lagrange equations of the second-order. Taking into account the equation of an asynchronous electric motor [13] the system of equations has the form:

1
m0+m1+m2+m3x¨1+m0H01-m2+m3H12φ¨1+m3εφ˙22cosφ2+φ¨2sinφ2+H23φ¨3+cxx1+μxx˙1=0,
m0y¨0+с01y0-y1+μ01y˙0-y˙1+μ0y˙0=0,
m1+m2+m3y¨1+m3εφ˙22sinφ2+φ¨2cosφ2+с01y1-y0+cyy1+μ01y˙1-y˙0+μyy˙1=0,
J0+J1+m2+m3H122+m0H012φ¨1-H01m0-m2+m3H12x¨1-m3H12εφ˙22cosφ2+φ¨2sinφ2-H23φ¨3+cyHіz2φ1+μyHіz2φ˙1+μ2φ˙1-φ˙2=-m3gH12sinφ1-m3gεcosφ2cosφ3,
J2+m3ε2φ¨2+m3εx¨1sinφ2-y¨1cosφ2-H12φ¨1sinφ2+H23φ¨3sinφ2+μ2φ˙2-φ˙1+μ3φ˙2-φ˙3=M-m3gεcosφ2cosφ3,
J3+m3H232φ¨3+m3H23x¨1-H12φ¨1+m3H23εφ˙22cosφ2+φ¨2sinφ2+μ3φ˙3-φ˙2=-m3gH23sinφ3,
-2Mmaxω0-φ˙21+(ω0-φ˙2)2ω02ω0+TDM¨1+(ω0-φ˙2)2ω02+TD2+TDφ¨2ω0-φ˙2M˙1+(ω0-φ˙2)2ω02+1+TDφ¨21+(ω0-φ˙2)2ω02(ω0-φ˙2)M=0.

The values of the parameters of the oscillatory system included in the developed mathematical model are as follows: cx=17500 N/m; cy=22500 N/m; ε=0.001 m; g=9.8 m/s2; H01=0.225 m; H12=0.125 m; H23=0.225 m; Hiz=0.32 m; I0=13.5 kg∙m2; J1=8 kg∙m2; I2=0.03 kg∙m2; J3=7.8 kg∙m2; m0=200 kg; m1=110 kg; m2=20 kg; m3=154 kg; μx=μy=μ01=5000 N∙m/s; μ0=10000 N∙m/s; μ2=0.007 N∙m∙s/rad; μ3=0.0035 N∙m∙s/rad. In addition, the maximum torque in the electric motor is Mmax = 18.7 N∙m; the electromagnetic time constant of the electric motor TD= 0.074; the synchronous angular speed of rotation of the rotor of the electric motor is ω0=314 rad/s. The model of the electric motor – 4A90L2Y3, with the power of 3 kW.

3. Results of mathematical modeling of the operation of a vibration stand with an eccentric-pendulum drive

The above data are sufficient to solve the system numerically. The system Eq. (1) was solved using the Rosenbrock numerical method in the Maple software. The initial conditions for the values of the generalized coordinates and their velocities are equal to zero. Of greatest interest are the transient modes of operation of the vibration stand. For this purpose, the time is limited to the first 1,5 seconds. The obtained dependences of the system motion on generalized coordinates and velocities are shown in Fig. 3.

Fig. 3Time dependences of the motion of oscillating masses in generalized coordinates and velocities

Time dependences of the motion of oscillating masses in generalized coordinates and velocities

a)

Time dependences of the motion of oscillating masses in generalized coordinates and velocities

b)

Time dependences of the motion of oscillating masses in generalized coordinates and velocities

c)

Time dependences of the motion of oscillating masses in generalized coordinates and velocities

d)

Time dependences of the motion of oscillating masses in generalized coordinates and velocities

e)

Time dependences of the motion of oscillating masses in generalized coordinates and velocities

f)

The obtained dependences indicate that the oscillatory system reaches a steady state (the electric motor reaches its rated speed) in approximately 1 s without significant dynamic overloads. This is clearly seen in the characteristics of the disturbing moment in the electric motor (Fig. 3(e)), the characteristics of the rotor speed of the electric motor (Fig. 3(d)), and the characteristics of the oscillatory motion of the reactive body (Fig. 3(b)). The established oscillations of the working body along the vertical axis are Y0= 1.1 mm (Fig. 3(a)) at the angular velocity of the rotor of the electric motor φ˙2=Ω= 260 rad/s (Fig. 3(d)). In this case, the overload on the working body is ξ=Y0Ω2/g= 7.6. This meets the necessary technical requirements for the vibration stand. The oscillations of the reactive body along the horizontal axis at the frequency of forced oscillations are x1= 0.11 mm (Fig. 3(c)). The horizontal amplitude of oscillations for the working body is practically the same. The pendulum performs oscillatory motion around the shaft axis with a period of 1.5 s (Fig. 3(f)).

4. Conclusions

The developed and analyzed mathematical model of the eccentric-pendulum type vibrating table in transient and steady-state operating modes indicates that the design is operational. Analysis of the motion of the oscillating masses confirms the correctness of the parameters set.

Thanks to the use of a pendulum, it is possible to minimize the amplitudes of vibrations of the vibration stand in the horizontal direction. Thanks to the use of a working body, which is driven by a reactive body (kinematically perturbed), it was possible to increase the amplitudes of mass vibrations in the vertical direction by 2.5 times compared to the design [10].

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About this article

Received
May 13, 2025
Accepted
July 14, 2025
Published
September 30, 2025
SUBJECTS
Mechanical vibrations and applications
Keywords
harmonic vibrations
oscillating system
mathematical model
differential equations
time dependences
electric motor
Acknowledgements

The authors have not disclosed any funding.

Data Availability

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.