Published: 30 September 2013

Identification of piecewise linear aeroelastic systems

Zhitao Li1
Jinglong Han2
Haiwei Yun3
1, 2, 3State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
Corresponding Author:
Zhitao Li
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Abstract

The work presented in this paper is concerned with the identification of a piecewise linear aeroelastic system from input-output data. The main challenge with this problem is that the data are available only as a mixture of observations generated by a finite set of different interacting linear subsystems such that one does not know a prior which subsystem has generated which data, that is, the switching points of the freeplay nonlinearity. The linear part of the nonlinear aeroelastic system is represented by the orthonormal basis functions constructed by the physical poles of the linear part, and the nonlinear part is represented by a Hammerstein model. By a simple rearrangement of the data corresponding to the degree-of-freedom of freeplay and selecting a segment of the data, the identification of the physical poles could be reduced to a linear parametric problem. Afterwards, estimates of the unknown parameters of linear regression models are calculated by processing respective particles of input-output data. The iterative sequence of the switching points is constructed, and solved by a method synthesizing the non-iterative and iterative algorithms. Then the parameters of the linear and nonlinear parts of the nonlinear system including the switching points are successfully obtained. A two-dimensional airfoil with nonlinear structural freeplay in the pitch degree-of-freedom is presented to demonstrate the validity of the proposed identification algorithm.

1. Introduction

Aeroelasticity is one of the prime concerns for an aircraft or a flight vehicle. The interaction of the aerodynamics and the structural dynamics of an aircraft could result in several different aeroelastic behaviors. These phenomena often exhibit nonlinear behaviors such as limit cycle oscillations (LCO), chaotic motions, coexisting stable solutions, bifurcations and so on [1-4]. Nonlinear factors in aeroelastic systems is ubiquity such as the material nonlinearity, the geometric nonlinearity, the freeplay nonlinearity and so on in structure, and the shock-boundary layer interaction, the flow separation, the unstable eddy current and so on in aerodynamics [5]. Freeplay nonlinearity can arise from worn hinges and loose attachments which are generally related with aircraft aging. The combination of freeplay nonlinearities with the aerodynamic and structural nonlinearities can vary the system’s response and change its instability from a supercritical to a subcritical one. These changes can result in catastrophic damages. To that end, many researchers have investigated numerically and experimentally the effects of freeplay nonlinearity on aeroelastic systems [6-10].

In order to study a nonlinear aeroelastic system with a freeplay nonlinearity, its accurate mathematics model needs to be constructed first. In engineering practice, freeplay such as gap in the bolt connection [9] may never be correctly measured, so the mathematic models of these systems have to be constructed by identification of experimental data. For example, the aeroelastic systems with freeplay can be identified by representing the freeplay as a polynomial [11] and a hyperbolic tangent function [12], respectively. It was pointed out that the locations of the switching points of the freeplay nonlinearity are of importance in the modeling process, which not only influence the location of bifurcation points, but also impact the dynamic behaviors [10]. Since the switching points in these identified models are eliminated artificially, their dynamic behaviors are different from the original systems in essence [11, 12]. Recently, a non-parameter method was developed to identify the switching points of freeplay [13]. But this method needs the bandwidth of the kernel function, and unfortunately the selection of the bandwidth depends strongly on the engineer experience and influences the precision of the switching points.

The objective of this work is to identify and construct the mathematic model of the nonlinear aeroelastic system with a freeplay nonlinearity. This is achieved and demonstrated by performing system identification of a two-dimensional airfoil with a freeplay nonlinearity in the pitch degree-of-freedom. The system model makes use of pitch–plunge governing equations with quasi-steady approximation of the aerodynamic loads.

2. The aeroelastic model

The model here is a two-dimensional airfoil with nonlinear structural freeplay in the pitch degree-of-freedom. A schematic of the airfoil section with a trailing-edge flap for control actuation [14] is shown in Fig. 1. This system, which has been studied extensively in the literature, can be modeled by a pair of coupled second-order differential equations [15]:

1
mmxαbmxαbIαh¨α¨+ch00cαh˙α˙+kh000hα+0Mα(α)=-LaeMae,
2
Lae=ρV2bclαα+h˙V+12-abVα˙+ρV2bclββ,
3
Mae=ρV2b2cmαα+h˙V+12-abVα˙+ρV2b2cmββ,

where h denotes the plunge displacement of the airfoil and α represents the pitch angle. Other variables include the non-dimensional distance between the elastic axis and the center of mass xα, the mass of the wing m, the mass moment of inertia Iα, semi-chord length b, structural damping coefficients in plunge and pitch ch and cα, and spring constants kh and kα. The lift Lae and moment Mae are determined by quasi-steady aerodynamic theory. The parameters clα and clα are introduced to represent the lift and moment coefficients for angle of attack, clβ and cmβ are introduced to represent the lift and moment coefficients for control surface position, a is the non-dimensional distance between the middle of the chord and the elastic axis, ρ is density of air and V is free stream velocity.

Fig. 1Airfoil model

Airfoil model

a)

Airfoil model

b)

With a structural freeplay gap, the pitch-restoring moment-rotation relationships Mα(α) are illustrated in Fig. 2 as:

4
kαα-δ2+M0,αδ2,M0,δ1<α<δ2,kαα-δ1+M0,αδ1,

where δ1 and δ2 are the switching points, M0 is the restoring moment at the start of the freeplay and shown in Fig. 2.

Fig. 2Freeplay nonlinearity in the pitch direction model

Freeplay nonlinearity in the pitch direction model

Fig. 3Saturation function ω

Saturation function ω

By substituting Eq. (2) and Eq. (3) into Eq. (1), the transformed equations of motions in the state space form become:

5
X˙=AX+B1β+B2ω,

where X=hαh˙α˙T, T denotes the matrix or vector transpose,

ω=fα=kαα-Mαα, M=mmxαbmxαbIα, K=khρV2bclα0kα-ρV2b2cmα,

C=ch+ρVbclαρVb2clα0.5-a-ρVb2cmαcα-ρVb3cmα0.5-a, F1=-ρV2bclβρV2b2cmβ, F2=01,

A=0I-M-1K-M-1C, B1=0M-1F1, B2=0M-1F2, I denotes the identity matrix.

The saturation function ω is illustrated in Fig. 3 as:

6
ω=fα=kαδ2-M0,αδ2,kαα-M0,δ1<α<δ2,kαδ1-M0,αδ1.

Substituting Eq. (6) into Eq. (5) as:

7
X˙=AX+B1β+D1-H,αδ2,AX+B1β+D2α-H,δ1<α<δ2,AX+B1β+D3-H,αδ1,

where D1=B2kαδ2, D2=B2kα, D3=B2kαδ1, H=B2M0.

The airfoil model output is the pitch angle α. Using a nonlinear feedback linear fractional transformation (LFT) [16], Eq. (5) represents as:

8
α=FlP,ωαβ,

where P is the nominal plant and:

9
P=P11P12,

where P1k k=1, 2 are the functions related to the input β,ωTand output α signals. These transfer function matrices are built from the M, C, K, F1 and F2 matrices of the nominal aeroelastic model. Fl, denotes the low LFT. Eq. (8) is illustrated in Fig. 4 [16]. According to Eq. (5), P11 and P12 can be represented as:

10
P11=QsI-A-1B1,P12=QsI-A-1B2,

where Q=0100 and s is Laplace variable.

Fig. 4LFT with saturation function fα

LFT with saturation function fα

According to LFT algebra, Eq. (8) can also be represented as:

11
α=P11β+P12fα,

where P11β is the linear part of the output α, and P12fα is the nonlinear part of the output α and a Hammerstein model, which comprises of a static nonlinearity followed by a linear time invariant system [16].

3. Identification of the poles of the linear subsystem

3.1. Model discretization

According to Ref. [17], P11 and P12 of Eq. (10) can be discretized as:

12
P21=QdqI-Ad-1B1d,P22=QdqI-Ad-1B2d,

where ts is the sampling time and q is the forward time-shift operator: qαk=αk+1. Qd=Q, Ad=eAts, B1d=A-1eAts-IB1, B2d=A-1eAts-IB2.

P21 and P22 of Eq. (12) can be represented in the rational polynomial form as:

13
P21=BqAq, P22=CqAq,

where Aq=1+a1q-1++anq-n, Bq=b1q-1++bnq-n,

Cq=c1q-1++cnq-n. n is the order number of the characteristic polynomial of the matrix Ad.

According to Eq. (13), Eq. (11) can be discretized as (in Ref. [17]):

14a
Aqαk=Bqβk+Cqfαk,
14b
Aqαk=Bqβk+Cqfαk,
14c
Aqαk=Bqβk+C1qfαk-1,

where C1q=c1+c2q-1++cnq-n+1, αk and βk are the values of αt and βt at time k, respectively.

According to Eq. (6) and Eq. (7), Eq. (14c) can be represented as:

15a
Aqαk=Bqβk+r1, αk-1δ2,
15b
Aqαk=Bqβk+C2qαk-1,δ1αk-1δ2,
15c
Aqαk=Bqβk+r3, αk-1δ1,

where C2q=kαC1q, r1=kαδ2-M0c1+c2++cn,

r3=kαδ1-M0c1+c2++cn. The parameters r1 and r3 are real constant numbers.

Compare the first or third linear subsystems, that is, Eq. (15a) or Eq. (15c), with the linear part P21 of this nonlinear system, only one constant number is increased. But it doesn’t matter their poles which are the same as ones of the linear part P21. However, the second linear subsystem, that is Eq. (15b), can be represented as A0qαk=Bqβk (A0q=Aq-kαCq), whose poles are different to ones of the linear part P21.

3.2. Identification of the poles

The airfoil model should be fully motivated. This means that the simulation processes are fully through three linear subsystems, that is, Eq. (15a-c). Let us rearrange the outputs αkk=1N of the system in an ascending order according to their values [18]. Defining N~=1, 2,,N and a one-to-one map g:N~N~ on it, that is, α~i=αgi (i=1,2,,N). According to Eq. (15a-c), the rearranged outputsα~ii=1N can be partitioned into three data sets: right-hand side data set (N1 samples) with values higher than or equal to δ2, that is, α~iδ2; middle data set (N2 samples) with values higher than δ1 but lower than δ2, that is, δ1<α~i<δ2; left-hand side data set (N3 samples) with values lower than or equal to δ1, that is, α~iδ1. Here N=N1+N2+N3. Although the switching points of the freeplay nonlinearity are unknown, a constant number h1 which is not only a little smaller than α~N but also such that h1>δ2 can be selected. When α~i>h1, that is, αgi>h1, the input-output relationship of the system in time gi+1 is a linear subsystem represented by Eq. (15a). Similarly, a constant number h3 which is not only a little larger than α~1 but also such that h3<δ1 can also be selected. When α~i<h3, that is, αgi<h3, the input-output relationship of the system in time gi+1 is a linear subsystem represented by Eq. (15c). Selecting α~i, iN2+N3+l1,N (l1 is a positive integer, and l1<N1) in the rearranged outputs α~ii=1N, then the input-output relationship of the system in time gi+1 is a linear subsystem represented by Eq. (15a). If the outputs αkk=1N without measurement noise, the equation of this linear subsystem solved by least square estimation is:

16
W=Uμ,
17
μ^=UTU-1UTW,

where W=αgN2+N3+l1+1αgN2+N3+l1+1+1αgN+1T, μ^ is the estimation of the parameter:

μ, μ1=b1b2bnT, μ2=a1a2anT, μ=μ1Tμ2Tr1T
U1=βgN2+N3+l1-1βgN2+N3+l1+1-1βgN2+N3+l1-2βgN2+N3+l1+1-2βgN2+N3+l1-nβgN2+N3+l1+1-nβgN-1βgN-2βgN-n
U2=-αgN2+N3+l1-αgN2+N3+l1+1-αgN2+N3+l1-1-αgN2+N3+l1+1-1-αgN2+N3+l1-n+1-αgN2+N3+l1+1-n+111-αgN-αgN-1-αgN-n+11
U=U1U2.

If the outputs αkk=1N with measurement noise, the equation of this linear subsystem can be solved by the bias-eliminated least square method [19]. The parameters of the first linear subsystem can be estimated, and its poles can also be solved. Similarly, selecting α~i,i1,N3-l2 (l2 is a positive integer, and l2<N3) in the rearranged outputs α~ii=1N, then the input-output relationship of the system in time gi+1 is a linear subsystem represented by Eq. (15c). The parameters of this subsystem can be solved like Eq. (16) and Eq. (17) or by the bias-eliminated least square method [19] and are the same of ones of the first linear subsystem except the parameter r1r3.

4. Identification of the switching points

Let us define λk=P22fαk, which is the nonlinear part of the output αk in Eq. (11) and also a discrete Hammerstein model [16], which comprises of a saturation function f followed by a linear time invariant system P22q connected, shown in Fig. 5.

Define a switching function hu as follows:

18
hu=1,u>0,0,u0.

The saturation function f is:

19
ωk=d1g1αk-1,δ1,δ2+d2g2αk-1,δ1,δ2+d3g3αk-1,δ1,δ2+d4g4αk-1,δ1,δ2,

where g1αk-1,δ1,δ2=αk-1hδ2-αk-1-hδ1-αk-1;

g2αk-1,δ1,δ2=hαk-1-δ2; g3αk-1,δ1,δ2=hδ1-αk-1; g4αk-1,δ1,δ2=-1;

d1=kα; d2=kαδ2; d3=kαδ1; d4=M0; the parameters d1, d2, d3 and d4 are unknown.

The linear system P22q in Eq. (14a-c) can be represented by using the orthonormal basis functions Blql=0p-1 [20] which are constructed by using the poles of linear part of the nonlinear system as follows:

20
P22q=l=0p-1elBlq,

where P22qRQ, Q is the unit circle [16] and the parameter elR is unknown.

The input-output relationship of the system illustrated by Fig. 5 is:

21
λk=l=0p-1i=14eldiBlqgiαk-1,δ1,δ2+ηk,

where λk and ηk represent the system output and measurement noise at time k, respectively.

Fig. 5. Hammerstein model

The linear system P21q in Eq. (14)a-c) represents by using the orthonormal basis functions Blql=0p-1 [20] as follows:

22
P21q=l=0p-1τlBlq.

When Eq. (21) and Eq. (22) are substituted into Eq. (14a-c), the input-output relationship can be written as:

23
αk=l=0p-1τlBlqβk+l=0p-1i=14eldiBlqgiαk-1,δ1,δ2+ηk.

Let’s now define:

24a
θτ0,,τp-1,e0d1,e0d2,e0d3,e0d4,,ep-1d1,ep-1d2,ep-1d3,ep-1d4T,
24b
ϕkB0qβk,,Bp-1qβk,B0qg1αk-1,δ1,δ2,B0qg2αk-1,δ1,δ2,
B0qg3αk-1,δ1,δ2,B0qg4αk-1,δ1,δ2,,Bp-1qg1αk-1,δ1,δ2,
Bp-1qg2αk-1,δ1,δ2,Bp-1qg3αk-1,δ1,δ2,Bp-1qg4αk-1,δ1,δ2T.

When Eq. (24a) and Eq. (24b) are placed into Eq. (23), the later results in the regression vector:

25
αk=θTϕk+ηk.

Now, with the simulated data set βk,αkk=1N of the nonlinear aeroelastic system with freeplay and defining the matrices XNα1,,αNT,ΓNη1,,ηNT and ΦNϕ1,,ϕN, we obtain:

26
XN=ΦNTθ+ΓN.

First, the initial values of the switching points δ1 and δ2 are given and ϕk is calculated. The estimated θ^ of the parameters θ are obtained by using the least square estimation or the bias-eliminated least square method [19]. According to the definition of the parameter θ, its first p parameters are the coefficients of the linear part P21q, and the else are the coefficients of the nonlinear part P22qf. Since the parameters of the saturation function f and the linear system P22q are coupling, the unique estimated parameters d1,d2,d3,d4and bll=0, 1,,p-1 can be obtained if the parameter d=d1d2d3d4T are normalized, that is, d2=1 [16]. Since the parameters d are normalized, the identified parameters d1, d2, d3 and d4 lose the physical significance defining in the above, but the switching points δ1 and δ2 can be estimated by δ^1=d^3/d^1 and δ^2=d^2/d^1. Using the renewed switching points δ^1 and δ^2 repeat the above identified procedure until the convergence of the switching points δ1 and δ2. Then all parameters of this nonlinear model including the switching points can be obtained.

5. A simulated example

The parameters of a two-dimensional airfoil with nonlinear structural freeplay in the pitch degree-of-freedom to be used in the numerical simulation are given in Table 1. The output of the simulated measured system is the pitch angle αt, which is corrupted with additive Gaussian distributed white noise with a signal-to-noise ratio of 20 dB, and the input is the flap deflection βt, which is a zero-mean Gaussian distributed white noise with standard deviation 10. A key issue in the time marching integration of a piecewise linear system is accurately integrating to the “switching points” where the change in linear subdomains occurs. It is indicated that a standard time marching scheme, for example, the Runge-Kutta method with the uniform time step, may lead to inconsistent or even incorrect numerical results [21]. In this paper, the response of the system in the first 50 seconds is computed by using the Henon’s method [22, 23] whose time step is ts=0.001 s.

It is easy to know the number of the degree-of-freedom for the discrete system. This sumulated model has two degree-of-freedoms. Assuming A(q) and B(q) are:

27
Aq=1+a1q-1+a2q-2+a3q-3+a4q-4,
28
Bq=b0q-1+b1q-2+b2q-3+b3q-4.

Table 1Parameters of a nonlinear airfoil model with freeplay

Parameters
Value
Parameters
Value
V
6 m/s
a
-0.6
b
0.135 m
ρ
1.225 kg/m3
m
12.387 kg
xα
0.2466
Iα
0.065 m2kg
kh
2844.4 N/m
cα
0.180 m2kg/s
ch
27.43 kg/s
clα
6.28
cmα
-0.628
clβ
3.358
cmβ
-0.635
kα
2.82 Nm/rad
δ1
0.05
δ2
0.25
M0
0.282 Nm

According to section 3.2, we may as well assume h1= 0.4 and h2= -0.1 since α~N= 0.7307 and α~1= -0.7454. Here selecting h1= 0.4 and h2= -0.1 make full of the input-output data in order to eliminate measurement noise. When h1= 0.4 is used, the parameter μ is estimated by the bias-eliminated least square method [19], and given in Table 2; when h2= -0.1 is used, the parameter μ is estimated by the bias-eliminated least square method [19], and also given in Table 2. The estimated parameters are the same in h1= 0.4 and h2= -0.1 cases except r1r3. The parameter r1r3 is caused by the asymmetric switching points of a freeplay nonlinearity.

Table 2Estimated parameters

h1=0.4
h2=-0.1
b0
1.5059×10-6
1.5059×10-6
b1
-1.5265×10-6
-1.5265×10-6
b2
-1.4923×10-6
-1.4923×10-6
b3
1.5107×10-6
1.5107×10-6
a1
-3.9931
-3.9931
a2
5.9798
5.9798
a3
-3.9801
-3.9801
a4
0.9935
0.9935
r1
1.8882×10-9
-
r3
-
-6.2941×10-10

Table 3Comparison between the identified modes and the true modes of the system

True modes
h1=0.4
h2=-0.1
f1, Hz
1.1660
1.1660
1.1660
f2, Hz
2.6509
2.6509
2.6509
ζ1
0.2081
0.2081
0.2081
ζ2
0.1049
0.1049
0.1049

According to the relationship of poles of the discrete system with the continue system γ=etsκ (κ and γ denote a pole of the discrete system and the one of the corresponding continue system pole, respectively), the frequency fi and damping ζi (i=1, 2) of these two physical modes of the linear part of the nonlinear airfoil are given in Table 3. In Table 3, the second column indicates the frequency and damping of the true modes. The third and fourth columns present the estimated frequency and damping of the true modes using the proposed method in section 3. Comparing the estimated modes and true modes in Table 3, it is obvious to see that the frequency fi and damping ζii=1, 2 of these two physical modes are estimated consistently.

The poles of the linear part of the nonlinear model are the same with the ones of the first and third linear subsystem, that is Eq. (15a) and Eq. (15c). The poles and the orthonormal basis functions constructed by them [20] are:

29a
γ1,2=0.9981±j0.0165,
29b
γ3,4=0.9985±j0.0072,
30a
B0q=0.00139q2-1.996q+0.9965,
30b
B1q=0.08346q-0.08345q2-1.996q+0.9965,
30c
B2q=0.0005692q2-0.00114q+0.0005712q4-3.993q3+5.98q2-3.98q+0.9935,
30d
B3q=0.0777q3-0.2333q2+0.2336q-0.07797q4-3.993q3+5.98q2-3.98q+0.9935.

The convergence of the switching points δ2 and δ1 are illustrated in Fig. 6, when the initial switching points δ2 and δ1 are (0.18, -0.04), (0.24, 0.02), (0.30, 0.03), (0.36, 0.04) and (0.40, 0.10). It is found from Fig. 6 that the switching points are converged to the true values only through the 6 steps iteration, and meanwhile it is stated that the convergence of the switching points is good when the different initial value of the switching points δ2 and δ1 are utilized. When the initial value of the switching point δ2 and δ1 are (0.40, 0.10), through the 20 steps iteration the estimated parameters of the system are: τ^0=7.4606×10-3,τ^1=4.9613×10-3,τ^2=-1.7787×10-2,τ^3=-5.2651×10-3, d^1=0.9642, d^2=0.2424, d^3=0.04806, d^4=0.09645, e^0=1.6616×10-2, e^1=-1.5177×10-2,e^2=7.4796×10-2,e^3=1.6150×10-2. The identified switching points are δ^2=0.2514 and δ^1=0.04985, and the true switching points are δ2=0.25 and δ1=0.05. The relative errors which are caused by the number computation are 0.5573 % and 0.3052 % and satisfied the engineering requirements.

Fig. 6Convergence of switching points δ2 and δ1: a) the initial values of switching point δ2 are 0.18, 0.24, 0.30, 0.36 and 0.4; the true value of switching point δ2 is 0.25, b) the initial values of switching point δ1 are -0.04, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04 and 0.10; the true value of switching point δ1 is 0.05

Convergence of switching points δ2 and δ1: a) the initial values of switching point δ2 are 0.18, 0.24, 0.30, 0.36 and 0.4; the true value of switching point δ2 is 0.25, b) the initial values of switching point δ1 are -0.04, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04 and 0.10; the true value of switching point δ1 is 0.05

a)

Convergence of switching points δ2 and δ1: a) the initial values of switching point δ2 are 0.18, 0.24, 0.30, 0.36 and 0.4; the true value of switching point δ2 is 0.25, b) the initial values of switching point δ1 are -0.04, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04 and 0.10; the true value of switching point δ1 is 0.05

b)

Fig. 7Output of nonlinear system (dotted line) and identified nonlinear model (solid line) with Gauss white noise input: a) with measurement noise, b) without measurement noise

Output of nonlinear system (dotted line) and identified nonlinear model (solid line) with Gauss white noise input: a) with measurement noise, b) without measurement noise

a)

Output of nonlinear system (dotted line) and identified nonlinear model (solid line) with Gauss white noise input: a) with measurement noise, b) without measurement noise

b)

Fig. 7 shows the output of the nonlinear system (dotted line) and the identified nonlinear model (solid line) with the Gauss white noise input. Because of the output of nonlinear system with the measurement noise in Fig. 7(a), there is a clear difference between them. In Fig. 7(b) they are almost coincided due to the outputs without the measurement noise. The validity of the identified nonlinear model is checked by several other input signals without shown here.

6. Conclusions

In this paper, a novel identification algorithm is proposed for the estimation of the nonlinear system with freeplay. In this algorithm, an orthonormal basis function expansion and a Hammerstein model are applied to represent the linear and nonlinear parts of the system, respectively; and an orthonormal basis function expansion and the constructional basis functions giαk-1,δ1,δ2 i=1, 2,, 4 are used to represent the linear and nonlinear functions of the Hammerstein model. An approach synthesized of the non-iterative and iterative algorithms is implemented to estimate the parameters of the system including the switching points. Furthermore, a method is proposed to estimate physical poles of the system which could be essentially reduced to a linear parametric problem by a simple data rearrangement in an ascending order according to their values. Thus, the data which is concerned with the degree-of-freedom of the freeplay nonlinearity are partitioned into three data sets that correspond to distinct linear regression models. Later on the estimates of unknown parameters of linear regression models can be calculated by processing respective sets of the rearranged input and associated output observations. The consistent estimation of these physical poles plays a crucial role for the generation of the orthonormal basis functions and for the model approximation results.

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About this article

Received
08 June 2013
Accepted
04 September 2013
Published
30 September 2013
Keywords
system identification
freeplay nonlinearity
switching point
Hammerstein model
aeroelasticity
Acknowledgements

This research is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 10872089 and 11102085) and the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China (Grant No. 201132180002).