Published: 31 March 2016

Using negative velocity feedback controller to reduce the vibration of a suspended cable

H. S. Bauomy1
A. T. EL-Sayed2
T. M. N. Metwaly3
1Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
2Department of Basic Sciences, Modern Academy for Engineering and Technology, Mokatem 11585, Egypt
3, 1Department of Mathematics, College of Arts and Science in Wadi Addawasir, Prince Sattam Bin, Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 54, Wadi Addawasir 11991, Saudi Arabia
Corresponding Author:
H. S. Bauomy
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Abstract

The system of suspended cable with mixed excitation forces is controlled in this paper by using negative linear velocity feedback controller. The equations of motion of this system contain quadratic and cubic nonlinearities. The multiple scale perturbation technique is applied to determine the response of the nonlinear system near the simultaneous sub-harmonic and combined resonance case of this system. The stability of the obtained numerical solution is investigated using frequency response equations. The effect of different parameters on the vibrating system are investigated and reported.

1. Introduction

Suspended cables are lightweight, flexible structural elements used in numerous applications in mechanical, civil, electrical, ocean, and space engineering due to their capability of transmitting forces, carrying payloads, and conducting signals across large distances. At the same time, the suspended cable is a basic element of theoretical interest in applied mechanics and an archetypal model of various phenomena in dynamics. Arafat and Nayfeh [1] studied the motion of shallow suspended cables with primary resonance excitation. The method of multiple scales is applied to study nonlinear response of this suspended cables, its stability and the dynamic solutions. Some interesting work on the nonlinear dynamics of cables to harmonic excitations can be found in the review articles by Rega [2, 3]. Zheng et al. [4] considered the super-harmonics and internal resonance of a suspended cable with almost commensurable natural frequencies. Zhang and Tang [5] investigated the chaotic dynamics and global bifurcations of the suspended inclined cable under combined parametric and external excitations. Chen and Xu [6] investigated the global bifurcations of the inclined cable subjected to a harmonic excitation leading to primary resonances with the external damping by using averaging method. Benedettini et al. [7] studied nonlinear oscillations of a four-degree-of-freedom model of the sus- pended cables under multiple internal resonance conditions. They have established that the response of suspended cables near or away from the first crossover can be large and exhibit very complex behavior due to the simultaneous presence of multiple internal resonances involving several in-plane modes and out-of-plane modes.

Kamel and Hamed [8] analyzed the nonlinear behavior of an elastic cable subjected to harmonic excitation near the simultaneous principle primary and internal resonance using multiple scale method. The numerical solutions and chaotic response of the nonlinear system of elastic cable for different parameters are also studied. Abe [9] investigated the accuracy of nonlinear vibration analyses of a suspended cable, which possesses quadratic and cubic nonlinearities, with 1:1 internal resonance. The nonlinear dynamics of suspended cable structures have been studied with 2:1 internal resonances by the authors [10, 11]. Chen et al. [12] studied the bifurcations and chaotic dynamics of the parametrically and externally excited suspended elastic cable. A sample suspended cable, representing a physical model is considered as the case study, and non-collocated feedback, based on active transverse control, is considered as a final application of the state observer. Also, active feedback control for cable vibrations is studied by Ubertini [13] for analytical and numerical models. A suitable dimensional analytical Galerkin model is derived to investigate the effectiveness of the feedback control, which represents the final application of the state observer.

Wang and Zhao [14-16] applied different methods to investigate the nonlinear response of the suspended cable with three-to-one internal resonance, and numerical simulations are used to illustrate the chaotic dynamics of the cable. They also extended the previous work to consider the out-of-plane motion of a shallow suspended cable [17]. The three-to-one internal resonance between the third and the first symmetric in-plane modes and the one-to-one internal resonance between the third symmetric in-plane mode and the third symmetric out-of-plane mode are taken in to account. The case of the primary resonance of the first symmetric mode is also considered. Sofi and Muscolino [18] studied the dynamics of suspended cables with small sag-to-span ratios carrying an array of moving oscillators with arbitrarily varying velocities. Numerical results demonstrate that, despite the basis functions are continuous; the improved series enables to capture with very few terms the abrupt changes of cable profile at the contact points between the cable and the moving oscillators. Wang and Rega [19] obtained the 3D nonlinear equations of motion of the suspended cable with moving mass via the Hamilton principle, and its transient linear planar dynamics is investigated. They studied the transient response of the suspended cable subjected to a sequence of masses moving with constant velocity. The numerical results show that the effect of the velocity on the maximum mid span displacement is very small. Huang et al. [20] obtained the nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) by the Galerkin method from the nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs) to describe the forced vibration of the coupled structure of a suspended-cable-stayed beam. The multiple-scale method is employed to solve the ODEs. They found that there are typical jumps and saturation phenomena of the vibration amplitude in the structure and the structure may present quasi-periodic vibration or chaos, if the stiffness of the cable stays membrane and frequency of external excitation are disturbed. The control strategies proposed in the literature often involve the application of control command to various parts of the crane, such as the cables [21-23]. Hamed and Amer [24] studied an active vibration controller for suppressing the vibration of the non-linear composite beam subjected to parametric excitation force in the presence of 1:2 internal resonances. The numerical results show that the saturation control of steady state vibrations is efficient. Al-Qassab et al. [25] investigated the dynamic behavior of an elastic horizontal and inclined cable with a moving mass along its length. Kim and Chang [26] analyzed the free vibration and presented a dynamic stiffness matrix for an inclined cable. F. Xu et al. [27] introduced an analyzing method and initial experimental method to study coupling dynamic characteristics of cable-robot system. The experimental results validate the theoretical vibration characteristics, including frequency, vibration amplitude, and acceleration.

The aim of this work is to control a two degree of freedom nonlinear differential equations of a suspended cable having quadratic and cubic nonlinearities subjected to mixed excitations via a negative velocity feedback controller. The method of multiple scales perturbation [28] is applied to solve the nonlinear differential equations describing the controlled system up to second order approximations. The behavior of the system is studied applying Runge-Kutta fourth-order method. The stability of the proposed analytic nonlinear solution near the simultaneous sub-harmonic and combined resonance case is studied numerically. The stability of the system is investigated applying frequency response equations. The effect of different parameters on the steady state responses of the vibrating system is studied and discussed from the frequency response curves.

2. Mathematical reduction from PDEs to ODEs

Following Benedettini et al. [7], we express the dimensional non-planar equations of motion for a shallow suspended elastic cable hanging at fixed supports and caused by axial excitation and horizontal load as shown in Fig. 1, is as follows:

1
m2u^1t^2+2c^1u^1t^-H2u^1x^2=EAL2u^1x^2+d2ψ^dx^2
×0LF^1cosΩ^1t+u^1x^dψ^dx^+12u^1x^2+u^2x^2dx^,
m2u^2t^2+2c^2u^2t^-H2u^2x^2=EAL2u^2x^2
×0LF^1cosΩ^1t+u^1x^dψ^dx^+12u^1x^2+u^2x^2dx^+F^x^cosΩ^ t^,

where, for a sag-to-span ratio b^/L1/8, the static equilibrium profile ψ^ (x) of the cable may be sufficiently approximated by a parabola. Hence:

2
ψ^x=4b^x^L1-x^L, H=mgL28b^.

wheere, u^1(x^,t^) and u^2(x^,t^) denote the in-plane (in-plane; i.e., the plane defined by the initial static configuration of the cable) and out-of-plane displacements at position x^ at time t^, m is the mass per unit length, b^ is the cable sag, L is the cable span, E is Young’s modulus, A is the area of the cross section, c^i are viscous damping coefficients, and g is the gravitational acceleration.

Fig. 1A schematic diagram of a shallow suspended cable

A schematic diagram of a shallow suspended cable

The boundary conditions are:

3
u^1=u^2=0 at x=0 and x=1

We introduce non-dimensional quantities defined by:

4
x=x^L, ui=u^iL, b=b^L, ψ=ψ^b^, t=γt^,

into Eqs. (1) and (2), where the characteristic time 1/γ will be chosen at the end of the analysis, and obtain the following non-dimensional non-planar equations of motion:

5
u¨1+2c1u˙1-u1''=αu1''+bψ''01F1cosΩ1t+bψ'u1'+12u'12+u'22dx,
u¨2+2c2u˙2-u2''=αu2''01F1cosΩ1t+bψ'u1'+12u'12+u'22dx+F(x)cosΩt,

where ψ(x)=4x(1-x) and the boundary conditions are:

6
u1=u2=0 at x=0 and x=1

The overdot and prime indicate the derivatives with respect to tandx, respectively, and:

7
γ2=Hm L2, α=EAH=8b^EAmgL2, F1=LF^1H, F=LF^H, ci=L2γHc^i, Ω1=Ω^1γ, Ω=Ω^γ.

In order to analyze the nonlinear responses of this system, we first discretize Eq. (5) using the Galerkin procedure. To this end, we express the in-plane and out-of-plane displacements u1 and u2 as:

8
u1x,t=ϕnxxt, u2x,t=φnxyt,

where the ϕn(x) and φn(x) are the modes shapes of the linearized problem, x(t) and y(t) are generalized coordinates. Substituting Eq. (8) into Eq. (5), the two-degree-of-freedom nonlinear equations can be obtained as follows:

9
x¨+2ε2cxx˙+(ωx2+2ε2Ωf1cosΩ1t)x+εα2x2+εβ2y2+ε2γ2x3+ε2η2xy2=0,
10
y¨+2ε2cyy˙+(ωy2+2ε2Ωf2cosΩ1t)y+εα3xy+ε2γ3y3+ε2η3x2y=2ε2ΩFcosΩt,

where x and y refer to the vertical (in-plane) and horizontal (out-of-plane) displacements, respectively, cx and cy are viscous damping coefficients, 0<ε1 is a small parameter, ωx and ωy respectively, represent the natural frequencies associated with the anti-symmetric or symmetric in-plane and out-of-plane modes, αi, γi, ηi, β2 (i= 2, 3) are nonlinear coefficients, Ω, Ω1 are the excitation frequencies, f1, f2 are the parametric excitation force amplitudes of the cable and F is the external excitation force amplitude of the cable.

3. Perturbation analysis

Our attention is focused on a suspended cable excited by harmonic, parametric and tuned excitation forces. The two-degree-of- freedom differential equations describing the nonlinear dynamics of the suspended cable [12] can be investigated as:

11
x¨+2εcxx˙+(ωx2+2εΩf1cosΩ1t)x+εα2x2+εβ2y2+εγ2x3+εη2xy2
=2εΩFsinΩt+QcosΩ2tsinΩ3t+R1,
12
y¨+2εcyy˙+(ωy2+2εΩf2cosΩ1t)y+εα3xy+εγ3y3+εη3x2y
=2εΩFcosΩt+QcosΩ2tcosΩ3t+R2,

where R1=-εG1x˙ and R2=-εG2y˙ are the control forces which added to the system, Ω2, Ω3 are the excitation frequencies, Q is the tuned excitation force amplitude of the cable and G1, G2 are the positive constants (gains).

Assuming the solution of Eqs. (11) and (12) in the forms:

13
x(ε;t)=x0(T0,T1)+εx1(T0,T1)+O(ε2),
14
y(ε;t)=y0(T0,T1)+εy1(T0,T1)+O(ε2),

where, Tn=εnt, (n= 0, 1), T0 and T1 are the fast and slow time scales respectively.

The derivatives will be in the form:

15
ddt=D0+εD1+...,
16
d2dt2=D02+2εD0D1+...,

where Dn =/Tn, n= 0, 1.

Substituting from Eqs. (13) and (14) into Eqs. (11) and (12) and equating the same power of ε we have:

17
ε0: (D02+ωx2)x0=0,
18
(D02+ωy2)y0=0,
19
ε1:(D02+ωx2)x1=-2D0D1x0-2cxD0x0-2Ωx0f1cosΩ1t-α2x02-β2y02-γ2x03
-η2x0y02+2ΩFsinΩt+2QΩcosΩ2tsinΩ3t-G1D0x0,
20
(D02+ωy2)y1=-2D0D1y0-2cyD0y0-2Ωy0f1cosΩ1t-α3x0y0-γ3y03
-η3y0x02+2ΩFcosΩt+2QΩcosΩ2tcosΩ3t-G2D0y0.

The general solutions of Eqs. (17) and (18) can be written in the form:

21
x0Τ0,Τ1=A0Τ1expiωxΤ0+cc,
22
y0Τ0,Τ1=Β0Τ1expiωyΤ0+cc,

where A0, Β0 are complex functions in Τ1 and cc denotes the complex conjugate functions. Substituting Eqs. (21) and (22) into Eqs. (19) and (20), we get:

23
D02+ωx2x1=[-2iωxcxA0-2iωxA0'-3γ2A02A-0-2η2A0Β0B-0-iωxG1A0] eiωxT0
-[α2A02] e2iωxT0-[γ2A03] e3iωxT0-[β2Β02] e2iωyT0
-[α2A0A-0+β2Β0B-0]-[Ωf1A0] ei(Ω1+ωx)T0-[Ωf1A-0] ei(Ω1-ωx)T0-[iΩF] eiΩT0
-[η2A0Β02] eiωx+2ωyT0-[η2A0B-02] eiωx-2ωyT0-i2ΩQ ei(Ω2+Ω3)T0
+i2ΩQeiΩ2-Ω3T0+cc,
24
D02+ωy2y1=[-2iωycyΒ0-2iωyB0'-3γ3Β02B-0-2η3Β0A0A-0-iωyG2Β0] eiωyT0
-γ3Β03e3iωyT0+[-α3A0Β0] ei(ωx+ωy)T0+[-α3A0B-0] ei(ωx-ωy)T0
+[-η3Β0A02] eiωy+2ωxT0-[η3Β0A-02] ei(ωy-2ωx)T0-[Ωf2Β0] ei(Ω1+ωy)T0
-Ωf2B-0eiΩ1-ωyT0+ΩFeiΩT0+12ΩQeiΩ2+Ω3T0+12ΩQeiΩ2-Ω3T0+cc.

Eliminating the secular terms of Eqs. (23) and (24) to get bounded solutions, then the general solution of the resulting equations obtained as:

25
x1=A1eiωxΤ0+13ωx2[α2A02] e2iωxT0+18ωx2[γ2A03] e3iωxT0-1(ωx2-4ωy2)[β2Β02] e2iωyT0
-1ωx2α2A0A-0-β2Β0B-0-1(ωx2-(Ω1+ωx)2)[Ωf1A0] ei(Ω1+ωx)T0
-1(ωx2-(Ω1-ωx)2)Ωf1A-0 ei(Ω1-ωx)T0-1(ωx2-Ω2)[iΩF] eiΩT0
-1(ωx2-(ωx+2ωy)2)η2A0Β02 ei(ωx+2ωy)T0
-1(ωx2-(ωx-2ωy)2)η2A0B-02 ei(ωx-2ωy)T0
-iΩQ2(ωx2-(Ω2+Ω3)2) eiΩ2+Ω3T0+iΩQ2(ωx2-(Ω2-Ω3)2) eiΩ2-Ω3T0+cc,
26
y1=Β1eiωyΤ0+18ωy2[γ3Β03] e3iωyT0+1(ωy2-(ωx+ωy)2)[-α3A0Β0] ei(ωx+ωy)T0
-1(ωy2-(ωx-ωy)2)α3A0B-0 ei(ωx-ωy)T0
-1(ωy2-(ωy+2ωx)2)η3Β0A02 ei(ωy+2ωx)T0
-1(ωy2-(ωy-2ωx)2)η3Β0A-02 ei(ωy-2ωx)T0-Ωf2Β0(ωy2-(Ω1+ωy)2) ei(Ω1+ωy)T0
-1(ωy2-(Ω1-ωy)2)Ωf2B-0 ei(Ω1-ωy)T0+1(ωy2-Ω2)[ΩF] eiΩT0
+ΩQ2(ωy2-(Ω2+Ω3)2) ei(Ω2+Ω3)T0+ΩQ2(ωy2-(Ω2-Ω3)2) ei(Ω2-Ω3)T0+cc.

From the Eqs. (25) and (26), the deduced resonance cases are:

(i) Primary resonance: Ωω1, ω2;

(ii) Sub-harmonic resonance: Ω12ωx, 2ωy;

(iii) Internal resonance: ωxrωy, r= 1, 2;

(iv) Combined resonance: Ω2±Ω3ωx, ωy;

(iiv) Simultaneous resonance: Any combination of the above resonance cases is considered as simultaneous resonance.

4. Stability analysis

The stability of the considered system is investigated at the worst resonance case (confirmed numerically), which is the simultaneous sub-harmonic and combined resonance case, where Ω12ωx,Ω2+Ω3ωy. Consider the resonance conditions Ω12ωx+εσ1 and Ω2+Ω3ωy+εσ2, where σ1 and σ2 are called the detuning parameters and eliminating the secular terms from the first approximations of Eqs. (23) and (24) leads to solvability conditions as:

27
-2iωxcxA0-2iωxA0'-3γ2A02A-0-2η2A0Β0B-0-iωxG1A0-Ωf1A-0 eiσ1Τ1=0,
28
-2iωycyΒ0-2iωyB0'-3γ3Β02B-0-2η3Β0A0A-0-iωyG2Β0+12ΩQA-0 eiσ2Τ1=0.

Using the polar form:

29
A0=12a1expiζ1, Β0=12a2expiζ2,

where a1, a2 and ζ1, ζ2 are the steady state amplitudes and phases of the motions respectively. Substituting from Eq. (29) into Eqs. (27) and (28) and equating imaginary and real parts, we obtain:

30
a1'=-cxa1-12G1a1-Ωf12ωxa1sinθ1,
31
ζ1'=σ1-3γ24ωxa12-η22ωxa22-Ωf1ωxcosθ1,
32
a2'=-cya2-12G2a2+ΩQ2ωysinθ2,
33
a2ζ2'=a2σ2-3γ38ωya23-η34ωya2a12+ΩQ2ωycosθ2,

where, θ1=σ1Τ1-2ζ1 and θ2=σ2Τ1-ζ2 are phases of motion.

For steady-state solutions, we put an'=ζn'=0, n= 1, 2 to Eqs. (30)-(33) we get the following:

34
-cxa1-12G1a1-Ωf12ωxa1sinθ1=0,
35
σ1-3γ24ωxa12-η22ωxa22-Ωf1ωxcosθ1=0,
36
-cya2-12G2a2+ΩQ2ωysinθ2=0,
37
a2σ2-3γ38ωya23-η34ωya2a12+ΩQ2ωycosθ2=0.

From Eqs. (34)-(37) we have the following cases:

(i) a1 0, a2=0, (ii) a2 0, a1= 0 and (iii) a1 0, a2 0 (practical case).

For the practical case (a1 0, a2 0), Squaring Eqs. (34) and (35), then adding the squared results together, similarly to Eqs. (36) and (37) gives the following frequency response equations:

38
σ12+-3γ22ωxa12-1ωxη2a22σ1+4cx2+G12+4cxG1+916ωx2γ22a14
+14ωx2η22a24+34ωx2η2γ2a12a22-Ω2f12ωx2=0,
39
σ22+-3γ32ωya12-1ωyη3a12σ2+4cy2+G22+4cyG2+916ωy2γ32a24
+14ωy2η32a14+34ωy2η3γ3a12a22-Ω2Q2ωy2a22=0.

On the way to determine the stability of the fixed point solutions of Eqs. (34)-(37), we introduce the following forms:

40
A0=p1-iq12eiσ1T1, B0=p2-iq22eiσ2T1,

where p1, p1, q1, q2 are real coefficients. Substitution from Eq. (40) into the linear form of Eqs. (27) and (28), that is:

41
-2iωxA0'-2iωxcxA0-iωxG1A0=0,
42
-2iωyB0'-2iωycyB0-iωyG2B0=0.

Substituting from Eq. (40) into Eqs. (41) and (42) and equating the imaginary and real parts of Eq. (41) and Eq. (42) we contain:

43
p1'+cx+G12p1+(σ1)q1=0,
44
q1'+(-σ1)p1+cx+G12q1=0,
45
p2'+cy+G22p2+(σ2)q2=0,
46
q2'+(-σ2)p2+cy+G22q2=0.

The stability of a particular fixed point with respect to a proportional to eλT1 (where λ is an eigenvalue) is determined by zeros of the characteristic equation:

47
λ+cx+G12σ100-σ1λ+cx+G120000λ+cy+G22σ2 00-σ2λ+cy+G22=0.

To analyze the stability of the non-trivial solution, one uses Eq. (47) to obtain:

48
λ4+r1λ3+r2λ2+r3λ+r4=0,

where:

r1=2cx+cy+G1+G2,
r2=σ12+σ22+cxG1+cyG2+cx2+cy2+14G12+G22+G1G2+2cxG2+cyG1+4cxcy,
r3=σ12G2+σ22G1+2(σ12cy+σ22cx)+2(cxcy2+cycx2)+(cx2G2+cy2G1)
+12cyG12+cxG22+14G12G2+G22G1+2cxcyG1+G2+G1G2cx+cy,
r4=σ12σ22+σ12cy2+σ22cx2+14(σ12G22+σ22G12)+σ12cyG2+σ22cxG1+cx2cy2
+14cx2G22+cy2G12+14cxG22G1+cyG12G2+116G12G22+cx2cyG2+cy2cxG1+cxcyG1G2,

are constants. According to the Routh-Hurwitz criterion, the necessary and sufficient conditions for all the roots of Eq. (48) to possess negative real parts are: r1> 0, r1r2-r3> 0, r3(r1r2-r3)-r12r4>0 and r4>0.

Fig. 2Non-resonant time response solution at selected values: cx= 0.2, α2= 0.3, β2= 0.2, γ2=0.3, η2= 0.4, cy= 0.1, α3= 0.1, γ3= 0.1, η3= 0.1, ωx= 7.5, ωy= 7.8, Ω= 1.4, Ω1= 5.3, Ω2= 4.75, Ω3= 3.35, f1= 4.0, f2= 3.0, F= 2.0, Q= 4.0

Non-resonant time response solution at selected values: cx= 0.2, α2= 0.3, β2= 0.2,  γ2=0.3, η2= 0.4, cy= 0.1, α3= 0.1, γ3= 0.1, η3= 0.1, ωx= 7.5, ωy= 7.8,  Ω= 1.4, Ω1= 5.3, Ω2= 4.75, Ω3= 3.35, f1= 4.0, f2= 3.0, F= 2.0, Q= 4.0

5. Numerical results

5.1. Active control effect

In order to verify the analytic results, the equations of motion Eqs. (11) and (12) is numerically integrated using a fourth order Runge-Kutta algorithm. Fig. 2 shows the non-resonant system behavior, where the maximum steady state amplitudes x and y are about 30 % and 70 % of the external excitation amplitude F respectively, this case can be regarded as a basic case. The worst resonance case of the system is the simultaneous sub-harmonic and combined resonance case Ω12ωx, Ω2+Ω3ωy, where the steady-state amplitudes are increased to about 250 % and 200 %. We added a negative linear velocity feedback to this worst resonance case as shown in Fig. 3. We found that the vibration amplitudes of the system are decreased. Best effectiveness of the system is obtained when the linear velocity feedback controller added to the system. The effectiveness of the controller is determined from the relation (Ea= steady state amplitude of the system without controller/steady state amplitude of the system with controller), where (Ea= 2000 % for the amplitude x and Ea= 800 % for the amplitude y) at the worst resonance case which is the simultaneous sub- harmonic and combined resonance case.

Fig. 3Simultaneous sub-harmonic and combined resonance case (Ω1≅2ωx, Ω2+Ω3≅ωy)

Simultaneous sub-harmonic and combined resonance case (Ω1≅2ωx, Ω2+Ω3≅ωy)

a) System without controller

Simultaneous sub-harmonic and combined resonance case (Ω1≅2ωx, Ω2+Ω3≅ωy)

b) System with negative linear velocity feedback controller (G1=G2= 2.0)

Table 1Numerical solutions of frequency response equations

Parameters
Effect
Fig. 4(a) (a1,σ1)
Parameters
Effect
Fig. 5(a) (a2,σ2)
Excitation force f1
M.I.
Fig. 4(b)
Excitation force Q
M.I.
Fig. 5(b)
Natural frequency ωx
M.I. with
R.D.
Fig. 4(c)
Natural frequency ωy
M.D.
Fig. 5(c)
Damping coefficient cx
M.D.
Fig. 4(d)
Damping coefficient cy
M.D.
Fig. 5(d)
Non-Linear parameter γ2
H&S
Fig. 4(e)
Non-Linear parameter γ3
H&S
Fig. 5(e)
Non-Linear parameter η2
S.A.
Fig. 4(f)
Non-Linear parameter η3
SA.
Fig. 5(f)
Gain G1
M.D.
Fig. 4(g)
Gain G2
M.D.
Fig. 5(g)
Ω
M.I.
Fig. 4(h)
Ω
M.I.
Fig. 5(h)
M.I. denotes that the amplitude is monotonic increasing function in the parameter;
M.D. denotes that the amplitude is monotonic decreasing function in the parameter;
R.D. denotes that the region is decreased;
S.A. denotes that the amplitude is Saturation;
H&S means that the parameter has hardening and softening non-linearity effects.

5.2. Response curves and effects of different parameters

The frequency response Eqs. (38) and (39) are nonlinear algebraic equations of a1 against σ1 and a2 against σ2 respectively. These equations are solved numerically as shown in Figs. 4, 5. Some figures possess hard and soft effects. This bending leads to multi-valued solutions and jump phenomenon. There are stable (solid line) and unstable (dashed lines) solutions. The Table 1 shows all effects of the different parameters of the considered system.

Fig. 4Theoretical frequency response curves: cx= 0.2, γ2= 0.3, η2= 0.4, ωx= 2, Ω= 1.4, f1= 4, G1= 2

Theoretical frequency response curves:  cx= 0.2, γ2= 0.3, η2= 0.4, ωx= 2, Ω= 1.4, f1= 4, G1= 2

a)

Theoretical frequency response curves:  cx= 0.2, γ2= 0.3, η2= 0.4, ωx= 2, Ω= 1.4, f1= 4, G1= 2

b)

Theoretical frequency response curves:  cx= 0.2, γ2= 0.3, η2= 0.4, ωx= 2, Ω= 1.4, f1= 4, G1= 2

c)

Theoretical frequency response curves:  cx= 0.2, γ2= 0.3, η2= 0.4, ωx= 2, Ω= 1.4, f1= 4, G1= 2

d)

Theoretical frequency response curves:  cx= 0.2, γ2= 0.3, η2= 0.4, ωx= 2, Ω= 1.4, f1= 4, G1= 2

e)

Theoretical frequency response curves:  cx= 0.2, γ2= 0.3, η2= 0.4, ωx= 2, Ω= 1.4, f1= 4, G1= 2

f)

Theoretical frequency response curves:  cx= 0.2, γ2= 0.3, η2= 0.4, ωx= 2, Ω= 1.4, f1= 4, G1= 2

g)

Theoretical frequency response curves:  cx= 0.2, γ2= 0.3, η2= 0.4, ωx= 2, Ω= 1.4, f1= 4, G1= 2

h)

Fig. 5Theoretical frequency response curves: cy= 0.1, γ3= 0.1, η3= 0.1, ωy= 7.8, Ω= 1.4, Q= 4, G2= 2

Theoretical frequency response curves:  cy= 0.1, γ3= 0.1, η3= 0.1, ωy= 7.8, Ω= 1.4, Q= 4, G2= 2

a)

Theoretical frequency response curves:  cy= 0.1, γ3= 0.1, η3= 0.1, ωy= 7.8, Ω= 1.4, Q= 4, G2= 2

b)

Theoretical frequency response curves:  cy= 0.1, γ3= 0.1, η3= 0.1, ωy= 7.8, Ω= 1.4, Q= 4, G2= 2

c)

Theoretical frequency response curves:  cy= 0.1, γ3= 0.1, η3= 0.1, ωy= 7.8, Ω= 1.4, Q= 4, G2= 2

d)

Theoretical frequency response curves:  cy= 0.1, γ3= 0.1, η3= 0.1, ωy= 7.8, Ω= 1.4, Q= 4, G2= 2

e)

Theoretical frequency response curves:  cy= 0.1, γ3= 0.1, η3= 0.1, ωy= 7.8, Ω= 1.4, Q= 4, G2= 2

f)

Theoretical frequency response curves:  cy= 0.1, γ3= 0.1, η3= 0.1, ωy= 7.8, Ω= 1.4, Q= 4, G2= 2

g)

Theoretical frequency response curves:  cy= 0.1, γ3= 0.1, η3= 0.1, ωy= 7.8, Ω= 1.4, Q= 4, G2= 2

h)

6. Conclusions

The vibrations of second order nonlinear differential equations of a suspended cable system subjected to external, parametric and tuned excitation forces can be controlled via a negative linear velocity feedback controller. Multiple time scale perturbation technique is useful to determine approximate solutions for the differential equations describing the system up to second order approximation. To study the stability of the system, the frequency response equations are applied. The effects of the different parameters of the system are studied numerically.

From the above study the following may be fulfilled:

1) The worst resonance case of the system is the simultaneous sub-harmonic and combined resonance case Ω12ωx, Ω2+Ω3ωy.

2) Negative linear velocity feedback active controller is the best one for the reported worst resonance case as it reduces the vibration dramatically.

3) The effectiveness of the best controller at the reported worst resonance case are about Ea= 2000 for x and Ea= 800 for y, respectively.

4) The steady-state amplitudes of both modes are monotonic increasing functions in the parameters f1, Q, ωx and Ω while decreasing functions in the coefficients cx, cy, ωy, G1 and G2.

5) Also, for the nonlinear parameters γ2, γ3 the steady-state amplitudes of both modes are making hardening and softening effects.

6) The nonlinear parameters η2, η3 have no significant effects on the steady state amplitudes denoting the occurrence of saturation phenomenon.

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About this article

Received
28 October 2015
Accepted
17 February 2016
Published
31 March 2016
SUBJECTS
Vibration generation and control
Keywords
suspended cable
negative velocity feedback
mixed forces
stability
Acknowledgements

This project was supported by the deanship of scientific research at Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University under the research Project 2014/01/2110.