Published: 15 August 2019

Active vibration control of rotating beam with moving mass using piezoelectric actuator

Liang Zhao1
Yu-Ping Wu2
1, 2College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jian Qiao University, Shanghai, P. R. China
Corresponding Author:
Liang Zhao
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Abstract

The robotic arm carrying a moving end effector can be modeled as a rotating beam with moving mass. Active vibration control of rotating beam with moving mass using piezoelectric actuator is presented. Simply supported beam and cantilevered beam are considered in this studying. The equations of the system are derived by Lagrange’s equation with the assumed mode method. The linear classical optimal control algorithm with displacement-velocity feedback is used to determine the control voltage. The numerical simulations reveal that the transverse displacements of the beam can be effectively reduced by the actuators. The effect of rotational speed and acceleration to the dynamic responses of the beam are also investigated.

Active vibration control of rotating beam with moving mass using piezoelectric actuator

Highlights

  • The vibration control of rotating beam with moving mass is studied.
  • Using piezoelectric materials as the actuator.
  • The equations of the system are derived by Lagrange’s equation.
  • The displacement-velocity feedback is used to determine the control voltage.
  • The simulation results show that the vibration of the structure is effectively suppressed.

1. Introduction

Piezoelectric materials have been more and more often applied to improve structural behavior. Such materials can actuate forces by electrical excitation, making them suitable as actuators for vibration control. Besides, they can sense deformation and generate a real-time voltage signal. Therefore, they can be used as sensor as well. Many researchers applied the piezoelectric actuator/sensor pairs to control the vibration of structures [1-6]. While other researchers used the piezoelectric actuators only to suppress the dynamic vibration of structures [7-12]. And some control algorithm is used to determine the control voltage.

The problem of the structures under the influence of moving loads or moving mass are of technological importance and has attracted the attention of many researchers in the last few decades. There are a lot of works can be found in the published literature [9-19]. And we can find some studies in the literature about active vibration control of dynamic response of such structures using piezoelectric actuator. Sung [9] and Nikkhoo et al. [10] studied the active control of a simply supported Euler-Bernoulli beam under a moving mass using piezoelectric actuator, respectively. And latter, Nikkhoo et al. [11] investigated the vibration control of a single span Euler-Bernoulli beam with geometrically nonlinear behavior under an arbitrary dynamic loading. Rofooei and Nikkhoo [12] investigated a thin rectangular plate with a number of piezoelectric patches bonded on its surface under the excitation of a moving mass. The moving mass is assumed to travel along linear and orbiting path over the plate respectively. In these studies, a linear classical optimal control algorithm with displacement-velocity feedback is used to determine the control voltage.

The problem becomes more difficult if the beam rotates around one end of it. For example, the robotic arm carrying a moving end effector rotates in the vertical plane. For a rotating beam with moving mass, the interaction between rigid and flexible body motions is highly demanded. To the author’s knowledge, active vibration control of beam with a moving mass that rotates in the vertical plane using piezoelectric actuator has not been reported. The author of this paper has studied this problem. Simply supported beam as well as cantilevered beam are considered. Lagrange’s equation with the assumed mode method is employed to derive the equations of motion. The linear classical optimal control algorithm with displacement-velocity feedback is used to determine the control voltage. Finally, a number of examples are presented to evaluate the control effect.

2. Formulation of the equations of motion

A uniform simply supported beam with moving mass is displayed in Fig. 1. One support base of the beam is fixed, and the other one can rotates around the fixed one. XYZ is the global reference frame, while xyz is the rotating reference frame. Angle between the rotating reference frame xyz and the global reference frame XYZ is denoted as θ. In this studying, 0 ≤ θ < π/2 is considered.

Fig. 1A rotating simply supported beam with moving mass

A rotating simply supported beam with moving mass

The moving mass moves along the beam. m and v are the mass and traveling speed of the moving mass respectively. Lm=vt+0.5v˙t2 is the displacement of the moving mass in the x direction. The moving mass experiences a combination of rotational and linear motion. The transverse and axial vibration deformation of the beam in the reference frame xyz is denoted as w and u respectively. There are Np piezoelectric patches as the actuators are bonded on the bottom surface of the beam and positioned by the coordinates xi and xi+Lp(i= 1, 2, …, Np) in the reference frame xyz. Lp is the length of the piezoelectric patches. h and hp are the thicknesses of the beam and piezoelectric patches, respectively. The width of the beam and the piezoelectric patches are both b. Fig. 2 shows a cantilevered beam with moving mass. One end of the beam is fixed to a rigid mount and the other end is free. Torque T rotates the rigid mount about Y axis.

Fig. 2A rotating cantilever beam with moving mass

A rotating cantilever beam with moving mass

Euler-Bernoulli beam theory is employed to analyze the beam. The normal stress and strain of the beam in the axial direction are expressed as:

1a
σx=Eεx,
1b
εx=ux-z2wx2,

where E is the elastic modulus, u and w are the axial and vertical displacements, respectively. Let the piezoelectric patches be polarized along the z direction. The axial stress, strain and the electrical displacement of the piezoelectric patches can be expressed as:

2a
σxp=c11εxp-e31Ez,
2b
εxp=ux-z2wx2,
2c
Dz=e31εxp+33Ez,

where c11is the elastic stiffness, Dz is the electrical displacement, Ez=V(t)/hp is the electrical field in the z direction [6] and V(t) is the external applied voltage. 33 is the dielectric constant, and e31 is the piezoelectric constant.

The global position of an arbitrary material point p on the beam can be expressed as:

3
Rp=Arp,

where A is the rotational transformation matrix from the moving coordinate system xz to the fixed reference frame XZ and rp is the location of the point p in the rotating coordinate system xz, they can be written as:

4a
A=cosθ-sinθsinθcosθ,
4b
rp=x+uwT.

The velocity of an arbitrary material point p is:

5
R˙p=Ar˙p+θ˙dAdθrp,

where θ˙ is the angular velocity of the beam, and:

6
r˙p=u˙w˙T.

Substituting Eq. (4) and Eq. (6) into Eq. (5), we will arrive at:

7
R˙p=(u˙-wθ˙)cosθ-x+uθ˙+w˙sinθ(u˙-wθ˙)sinθ+x+uθ˙+w˙cosθ.

The kinetic energy of the beam can be written as:

8
Kb=120LρbAbR˙pTR˙pdx+12Jbθ˙2+12i=1Npxixi+LpρpApR˙pTR˙pdx+Jpiθ˙2,

where ρb and ρp are the mass density, and Ab=bh and Ap=bhp are the cross-sectional area of the beam and the piezoelectric patches respectively. Jb and Jpi are the rotational inertia of the beam and the piezoelectric patches respectively. By substituting for the value of R˙p from Eq. (7) and making use of some trigonometric properties, the kinetic energy of the beam can be expressed as:

9
Kb=120LρbAbV-b2dx+12Jbθ˙2+12i=1Npx1x1+LpρpApV-b2dx+Jpiθ˙2,

where:

10
V-b2=(u˙-wθ˙)2+x+uθ˙+w˙2.

The strain energy of the beam, and the strain energy and electric potential energy of the piezoelectric patches can be written as:

11
Us=120L-h/2h/2bσxεxdzdx+12i=1Npxixi+Lp-h/2-hp-h/2bσxpεxp-DzEzdzdx.

Substituting Eq. (1) and Eq. (2) into Eq. (11), we can obtain:

12
Us=120LEAbu'2+EIbw''2dx+12i=1Npxixi+Lpc11Apu'2+c11Ipw''2+2αu'w''
-2β1u'+β2w''Vi(t)-β3Vi2(t)dx,

where:

Ib=bh312, Ip=13bh2+hp3-h23, α=bhph+hp2,
β1=e31b, β2=e31b(h+hp)2, β3=b33hp,

and Vi(t) is the control voltage of the ith piezoelectric patch. The gravitational potential energy of the beam can be written as:

13
Ugb=12ρbAbgL2sinθ+i=1NpρpApgLpxi+Lp2sinθ.

Now, let us consider the kinetic energy and potential energy of the moving mass. For a concentrated moving mass, the kinetic energy is:

14
Km=120Lδ(x-Lm)mDRpTDtDRpDtdx,

where:

15
DRpDt=(u˙-wθ˙)cosθ-x+uθ˙+dwdtsinθ(u˙-wθ˙)sinθ+x+uθ˙+dwdtcosθ,

and:

16
dwdt=w˙+vw'.

Substituting Eq. (15) into Eq. (14), we will get:

17
Km=120Lδ(x-Lm)m(u˙-wθ˙)2+(x+u)θ˙+w˙+vw'2dx.

The gravitational potential energy of the concentrated moving mass can be written as:

18
Ugm=0Lδx-Lmmgu+xsinθ+wcosθdx.

The total kinetic energy and potential energy of the system can be expressed as:

19
K=Kb+Km,
20
U=Us+Ugb+Ugm.

Lagrange’s equation with the assumed mode method is used to determine the equation of motion of the structural system. To use the assumed mode method, the flexible displacements of the beam can be expressed in terms of the generalized coordinates and displacement shape functions:

21a
ux,t=i=1nψixχit=ψχT,
21b
wx,t=i=1nϕixqit=ϕqT,

where ψ=ψ1,,ψn, χ=χ1,,χn, ϕ=ϕ1,,ϕn and q=q1,,qn. For simply supported beam, the shape functions can be written as:

22a
ψix=cosiπLx,
22b
ϕix=siniπLx, i=1,2,,n,

while for cantilevered beam, the shape functions are:

23a
ψi(x)=sin2i-1π2Lx
23b
ϕi=coshλixL-cosλixL-coshλi+cosλisinhλi+sinλisinhλixL-sinλixL,
i=1,2,,n,

where λi is obtained from the following characteristic equation:

24
1+cosh(λi)cos(λi)=0, i=1,2,,n.

Lagrange’s equation is written as:

25
ddtlη˙-lη=F, l=K-U, η=χ,q.

Substituting the energy expressions into Eq. (25), the equation of motion of the whole structural system is gotten:

26
Md¨+Cd˙+Kd+Q+FV(t)=0,

where:

M=Mχχ00Mqq, C=0CχqCqχCqq, K=KχχKχqKqχKqq, Q=QχQq,
F=FχFq, V(t)=V1(t)VNp(t)T, d=χTqT.

The expressions of these matrices are listed in the Appendix. Eq. (26) characterizes the piezoelectric actuators driven under the external applied voltagesV(t). The state-space formulation of Eq. (26) is given as:

27
η˙=A-η+B-V(t)+F-,

where:

η=dd˙, A-=0I-M-1K-M-1C,
B-=0-M-1F, F-=0-M-1Q.

3. Active vibration control

A linear classical optimal control algorithm with displacement-velocity feedback is used to determine the control voltage. The cost function to be minimized is given by:

28
J=0y-TQ-y-+uTR-u,

where:

29
y-=C-0η,

is the output equation and C-0 is the output matrix. Q- and R- are the semi-positive-definite and positive-definite weighting matrices on the outputs and control inputs respectively. Assuming full state feedback, the control law is given by:

30
u=-Gη,

where Gis the control gain given by:

31
G=12R--1B-TP.

P satisfies the Riccati equation [12]:

32
PA--12PB-R--1B-TP+A-TP+2Q-=0.

Substituting Eq. (30) into Eq. (27) leads to:

33
η˙=A--B-Gη+F-.

The controlled response of the system can be gotten by solving Eq. (33).

4. Numerical simulation

In this section, several numerical examples are presented to evaluate the active control of rotating beam with moving mass. The material of the beam is steel, which E= 209 GPa, ρ= 7800 kg/m3. The piezoelectric material is PZT-5H, which c11= 49 GPa, ρp= 7500 kg/m3, e31= –6.5 C/ m2, and 33= 1.3×10-8 F/m.

First, the concentrated mass travelling on the rotating simply supported beam is considered. The dimensions of the system are L= 2 m, Lp= 0.1 m, b= 0.03 m, h= 0.01 m, hp= 0.005 m. The moving mass is m= 0.4 kg. Six piezoelectric patches have been considered to be attached on the bottom surface of the beam. Their locations are x1= 0.4 m, x2= 0.6 m, x3= 0.85 m, x4= 1.05 m, x5= 1.3 m, x6= 1.5 m. The initial conditions are: Lm0= 0, θ(0)= 0. The rotational speed of the beam is θ˙= 0.09π rad/s, and the travelling speed of the moving mass is v= 0.4 m/s. The matrix Q- and R- are given as follows:

Q-=Q1Q2, R-=0.005INp×Np,

where Q1=1×10-11I2n×2n, Q2=3×1011I2n×2n, and I is diagonal matrix. Fig. 3 shows the transverse displacement of midpoint (wm) of the rotating simply supported beam. For comparison, the responses when the beam does not rotate (θ˙= 0) are also given. It can be observed from Fig. 3 that the transverse displacements of the beam are reduced significantly by the actuators. When the beam rotates, the transverse component of gravity of the moving mass decreases. Thereby, it can be seen clearly from Fig. 3 that the deflection of the beam is smaller when it rotates than it does not. The required control voltages for the piezoelectric patches (p1-p6) under different rotational speed are shown in Fig. 4. We can find that larger rotational speed results in smaller control voltage.

Fig. 3Transverse displacements of the rotating simply supported beam

Transverse displacements of the rotating simply supported beam

Fig. 4Control voltage of each piezoelectric patch for the rotating simply supported beam

Control voltage of each piezoelectric patch for the rotating simply supported beam

a)

Control voltage of each piezoelectric patch for the rotating simply supported beam

b)

The moving mass moves with variable speed is also considered. The movement rule of the system is given as follows:

At the beginning, Lm= 0, v= 0, θ= 0;

When 0 t 2, v=0.5t, v˙=0.5m/s2, θ˙= 0.05π rad/s;

When 2 <t 4, v=1-0.5(t-2), v˙= –0.5 m/s2, θ˙= 0.05π rad/s;

When 4 <t 6, v=-0.5(t-4), v˙= –0.5 m/s2, θ˙= 0.05π rad/s;

When 6 <t 8, v=-1+0.5(t-6), v˙= 0.5 m/s2, θ˙= 0.05π rad/s.

The numerical simulation results are given in Fig. 5. As we expected, the vibration of the beam is suppressed.

Fig. 5When the moving mass moves with variable speed: a) transverse displacement of midpoint of beam, b) control voltage, c) trajectory of the moving mass

When the moving mass moves with variable speed: a) transverse displacement of midpoint  of beam, b) control voltage, c) trajectory of the moving mass

a)

When the moving mass moves with variable speed: a) transverse displacement of midpoint  of beam, b) control voltage, c) trajectory of the moving mass

b)

When the moving mass moves with variable speed: a) transverse displacement of midpoint  of beam, b) control voltage, c) trajectory of the moving mass

c)

In order to investigate the effect of angular acceleration to the system, two cases are considered: Case 1, v= 0.4 m/s, θ˙= 0.05π rad/s, θ¨= 0; Case 2, θ˙= 0, θ¨= 0.02π rad/s2. The initial conditions are: Lm0= 0, θ(0)= 0. At the end of time (5 s), the beam has the same angular displacement (0.25π) in the two cases. The simulation results are displayed in Fig. 6. It is observed that the beam has larger transverse displacement in Case 2. This is caused by inertial force due to angular acceleration. Obviously, the transverse displacements of the beam are significantly reduced in both cases. The required control voltages for the piezoelectric patches of the two cases are displayed in Fig. 7. We can see that larger control voltages are required in Case 2.

Finally, the concentrated mass travelling on the rotating cantilevered beam is investigated. The length of the beam is L= 1 m. Other dimensions of the system are the same as the rotating simply supported beam. Three piezoelectric patches are used in this studying and their locations are x1= 0, x2= 0.2 m, x3= 0.4 m. The movement rule of the system is given as follows:

At the beginning, Lm= 0, v= 0, θ= 0;

When 0 t 2, v=0.25t, v˙= 0.25 m/s2, θ˙= 0.05π rad/s;

When 2 <t 4, v=0.5-0.25(t-2), v˙= –0.25 m/s2, θ˙= 0.05π rad/s;

When 4 <t 6, v=-0.25(t-4), v˙= –0.25 m/s2, θ˙= 0.05π rad/s;

When 6 <t 8, v=-0.5+0.25(t-6), v˙= 0.25 m/s2, θ˙= 0.05π rad/s.

Fig. 6Transverse displacements of Case 1 and Case 2

Transverse displacements of Case 1 and Case 2

Fig. 7Control voltage of each piezoelectric patch of Case 1 and Case 2

Control voltage of each piezoelectric patch of Case 1 and Case 2

a)

Control voltage of each piezoelectric patch of Case 1 and Case 2

b)

The matrix Q- and R- are the same as in the previous examples. We can observe from Fig. 8 that the transverse displacements are reduced significantly, where wT denotes the tip deflection of the beam. The trajectory of the moving mass is shown in Fig. 9.

Fig. 8Tip displacements and control voltages of the rotating cantilevered beam

Tip displacements and control voltages of the rotating cantilevered beam

a)

Tip displacements and control voltages of the rotating cantilevered beam

b)

Fig. 9Trajectory of the moving mass when v= 0.2 m/s, θ˙= 0.05π rad/s

Trajectory of the moving mass when v= 0.2 m/s, θ˙= 0.05π rad/s

5. Conclusions

In present paper, active vibration control of rotating beam with moving mass using piezoelectric actuator is investigated. Rotating simply supported beam and cantilevered beam are considered in our studying. The equations of the system are derived by Lagrange’s equation with the assumed mode method. The linear classical optimal control algorithm with displacement-velocity feedback is used to determine the control voltage.

Some numerical examples are employed to evaluate the control performances. It is found that the vibration of the beam can be effectively reduced by the actuators both for rotating simply supported beam and cantilevered beam. Moreover, larger rotational speed results in smaller deflection and control voltage. When there is a uniform angular acceleration, larger vibration amplitudes are gotten. This is caused by inertial force due to angular acceleration.

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About this article

Received
09 June 2018
Accepted
22 January 2019
Published
15 August 2019
SUBJECTS
Vibration generation and control
Keywords
rotating beam
moving mass
active control
piezoelectric actuator
Acknowledgements

This work was funded by the Shanghai Education Commission Project for Academic Degree Construction and Research on Industrial Robot Applications under Project No. 230001-17-13.