Published: 05 November 2021

Parameter identification of oscillations in power systems based on improved variational modal decomposition and HTLS-adaline method

Chunlu Wan1
Kang Wang2
Zhixiang Wu3
1Artificial Intelligence School, Wuchang University of Technology, Wuhan, 430223, China
2College of Information Engineering, Wuchang Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China
3College of Computer Science and Technology, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China
Corresponding Author:
Chunlu Wan
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Abstract

Oscillation has become one of the important problems faced by modern power grids. Multi-types of oscillations may occur simultaneously in the power system and the oscillation frequency span is extremely large. For signals with wide-band oscillation modes, the signals in different frequency bands are first separated by a band-pass filter, and then the Improved Variational Mode Decomposition (IVMD) method with high noise robustness is used to extract each oscillating mode signal. Finally, the combinations of Hankel total least squares (HTLS) and adaptive neural network algorithm (Adaline ANN) is used to estimate the frequency, attenuation factor, amplitude and phase of low-frequency oscillations. Furthermore, the introduction of Adaline neural network solves the problem that the mode amplitude and phase are difficult to determine after IVMD processing, so that the detection accuracy is improved. Simulation and case analysis show that this method can effectively distinguish and extract different types of oscillation modes in the signal, and accurately identify the information of each mode. The IVMD-HTLS-Adaline method can effectively identify signals that have experienced severe oscillations or noise-like signals with potential oscillations.

1. Introduction

With the large-scale access of renewable energy, the widespread application of power electronic equipment, and the large-scale interconnection of AC and DC in modern power grids, the resource allocation is optimized and the system reliability is improved; the weak links in the system increase and the anti-interference performance decreases. In recent years, new types of faults have continued to emerge, and security and stability issues have become increasingly prominent [1-3]. Oscillation is one of the issues that threatens the stable operation of the power system. Typical oscillations in current power systems include Low-frequency oscillations (LFO) [4-6] caused by regional or interval weak damping and sub-synchronous Oscillation (SSO) caused by series compensation capacitors or energy interaction between the power electronics equipment and generator set [7-10]. In addition, Super-synchronous Oscillation (SurSO) occasionally occurs with sub-synchronous oscillation [11]. Normally, oscillation can be tested in four ways: mechanism, acoustics, electrics and electromagnetic [12-19]. Here, we will focus on the electrical signal waves.

According to different damping, the oscillation signals of power system can be divided into two categories: (1) Maintain or diverge the oscillation signal (when the system is weakly damped or negatively damped); (2) Damped oscillation signal (when the system is in positive damping). The former occurs less frequently, but once it occurs, it will cause great harm to the system. The latter occurs more frequently and is easily masked by noise, also known as noise-like oscillation signals. The rapid and real-time extraction of modal information from the oscillating signal is helpful to the adjustment of power grid dispatching and control strategies. Before the oscillation, the mode identification can be found from the noise-like oscillation signal, and the potential oscillation mode of the system can also be found to provide an early warning for the system. Oscillation mode identification is the key of real-time efficient control and risk early warning of power systems.

Frequency, damping ratio, oscillation amplitude and phase are the key information of oscillation mode, as well as the key parameters to realize oscillation monitoring, early warning, control and protection. At present, the research methods of power system oscillation mainly include model analysis and measurement analysis. The model analysis method depends on the precise model of the system. Large-scale systems and non-linear power electronic devices will affect the accuracy of the model, leading to analysis errors [20]. Measurement analysis analyzes the actual measurement data of the system, and the results are close to the operating conditions. Combining measured data with signal processing technology is a common method for power system oscillation identification.

The Prony algorithm can directly extract the characteristic quantity of the signal to identify more accurate oscillation modal information [21, 22], but it is highly sensitive to noise. In actual engineering, the filtering algorithm is often combined with the Prony algorithm, and the dimensionality of the signal is reduced through the filtering algorithm, or the modal signal is extracted from it. Mean filtering (Average Filter, AF), empirical mode decomposition, autoregressive moving average algorithm, wavelet method and singular value decomposition are commonly used filtering algorithms, which have been applied to the identification of oscillation modes [23-29]. However, the mean filtering can only reduce the noise interference and cannot remove the noise. The essence of wavelet denoising is to fit the signal in a specific frequency band. If there are multiple oscillation modes with similar frequencies, the wavelet method cannot distinguish them. Methods such as Hilbert transform and singular value decomposition may produce large errors when processing low signal-to-noise ratio signals. In addition, in the face of multi-types of coexisting pan-band oscillations with large oscillation frequency spans, the above methods often identify high amplitude oscillations during processing, and other oscillations may be considered as noise and ignored. How to carry out unified modal identification of pan-band oscillation signals and extract modal information of multiple types of oscillations is an important issue for modal identification of power systems.

Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD) algorithm can effectively separate modal signals and is not sensitive to noise [30]. Based on the Improved VMD (Improved VMD, IVMD) method, a method for identifying pan-band oscillations in complex power systems is proposed. First, different types of band-pass filters are used for separation. Secondly, the modal signals in each band-pass filtered signal are extracted using IVMD. Finally, the Hankel total least squares (HTLS) algorithm and the adaptive artificial neural network (Adaline Artificial Neural Network, Adaline ANN) are used to estimate the frequency, attenuation factor, amplitude, and phase of low-frequency oscillations respectively, so as to achieve unified identification of pan-band oscillations. Meanwhile, the performance of the proposed algorithm is verified by simulation and measurement examples.

2. Modal identification framework for Broad-Band oscillation

2.1. Broad-Band oscillation signal

The oscillation may include multiple oscillation modal signals in different frequency bands and noise signals generated by measurement or the system itself. The original measurement signal with broad-band oscillation can be expressed as y0(t):

1
y0t=n=1Nynt+yNoiset.

In Eq. (1): yNoise(t) is the noisy signal, and ynt (n=1,2,,N)is the modal signals for N different frequency bands, and:

2
ynt=Ante-Dnfntcos2πfnt+θn.

In Eq. (2): An(t) is the amplitude of the nth oscillation mode at time t; θn is the initial phase; Dn and fn are the damping ratio and frequency of oscillation respectively.

2.2. Modal identification framework

The framework for modal oscillations identification in a broad-band is shown in Fig. 1. The identification process is divided into the following three steps.

Step-1. Multiple Band Pass Filters (BPF) is used to decompose the original signal into multiple filtered signals in different frequency bands, so as to separate the oscillation signals.

Step-2. The IVMD algorithm is used to extract the oscillation modal signal from each BPF filtered signal.

Step-3. The HTLS-Adaline algorithm is used to identify the oscillation mode signals provided by IVMD, and obtain the information of each oscillation mode. The original signal is filtered through band-pass filtering, IVMD modal signal extraction and HTLS-Adaline identification to obtain modal parameters.

Fig. 1Framework of the mode identification for broad-band oscillation

Framework of the mode identification for broad-band oscillation

3. Broad-band oscillation mode identification base on VMD-HLS-Adaline

3.1. Band-pass filter design

There are mainly three types of oscillations that cause power systems accidents: low-frequency oscillation, sub-synchronous oscillation and super-synchronous oscillation. The low-frequency oscillation is further divided into local mode and interval mode. The frequencies of each type of oscillations are in different ranges. Thus, this article designs four BPFs. A proper signal length selection can improve the accuracy of pattern recognition and ensure the rapidity of recognition. Because each oscillation frequency is different, it is obviously inappropriate to use the same length of data for identification. Table 1 shows the BPF filter bandwidth and identification sampling time corresponding to various oscillations in this paper.

Table 1Time lengths and frequency bands for different BPFs

Band-pass filter
Oscillation type
Sampling time / s
Oscillation frequency / Hz
BPF-1
LFO (interval modal)
10
0.2-1
BPF-2
LFO (local mode)
2
1-5
BPF-3
SSO
0.4
10-50
BPF-4
SurSO
0.4
70-110

According to the analysis of the modal identification algorithm [31], if it is necessary to obtain the oscillation frequency and amplitude more accurately, the sampling time of the identification signal must be greater than 1 oscillation period. In order to obtain accurate damping ratio information, the sampling time needs to be longer than two oscillation periods. Therefore, for low-frequency oscillations, in order to ensure rapid identification, the minimum band-pass frequency of the band-pass filter is 0.2 Hz, and the sampling time is selected to be twice the oscillation period, that is 10 s. For sub-synchronous oscillation, the identification speed is considered comprehensively. The minimum oscillation frequency is 10 Hz as the benchmark and the sampling time is 4 times. The oscillation period is 0.4 s. The mechanism of super-synchronous oscillation determines that it appears in pairs with sub-synchronous oscillation and the frequencies are complementary. The sampling time of the synchronous oscillation is the same as that of the sub-synchronous oscillation, and is also 0.4 s.

3.2. Modal signal extraction based on improved VMD algorithm

3.2.1. VMD algorithm

The VMD algorithm is a new adaptive signal decomposition method proposed by Dragomiretskiy et al. in 2014. The target modal is solved by the inherent modal function [30]. In view of the accuracy and noise robustness of the VMD algorithm, this paper uses the VMD method to extract and separate modal signals. The variational problem corresponding to the VMD algorithm is to find the KIMF components with the smallest sum of the estimated bandwidth. The variational problem is transformed into an augmented Lagrange equation and the equation is solved by the Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers (ADMM) to obtain the solution of the modal function ukn+1(t):

3
u^kn+1ω=f^ω-iku^iω+λ^ω2×11+2α(ω-ωk)2.

Similarly, the solution of the center frequency value of the modal component is:

4
ωkn+1=0ω|u^k(ω)|2dω0|u^k(ω)|2dω,

where, {ωk}={ω1,ω2,,ωK} and {ωk}={ω1,ω2,,ωK} is the component and its center frequency respectively. The flow of VMD algorithm is as follows:

Step 1. Initialize {ωk}={ω1,ω2,,ωK} and n=0.

Step 2. nn+1, update uk and ωk according to Eq. (3) and Eq. (4).

Step 3. Update λ:

5
λ^n+1ωλ^nω+τf^ω-ku^kn+1ω.

Step 4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 until the iteration stop condition is satisfied with ku^kn+1-u^kn22/u^kn22<ε. End the loop and output the results to get K modal components and their center frequencies.

3.2.2. Determination of VMD penalty factor based on PSO algorithm optimization

The penalty factor α in the VMD algorithm has a great impact on the decomposition results. The study found that the smaller the penalty parameter α, the larger the bandwidth of each IMF (Intrinsic Mode Function) component, and vice versa [32]. Therefore, when using VMD to decompose the oscillation signal of the power system, it is very important to choose the appropriate penalty factor parameter α. In this paper, genetic mutation particle swarm optimization is used to optimize the penalty parameters to obtain the optimal α.

Particle swarm optimization is a global optimization algorithm proposed by Eberh and Kennedy et al. in 1995. This method is a swarm intelligent optimization algorithm, and it has the advantages of few parameters, easy adjustment, and easy to fall into a local optimum. In order to obtain the global optimal approximate solution [33], this paper introduces the idea of genetic algorithm mutation in particle swarm algorithm to construct a genetic mutation particle swarm algorithm.

Definition of genetic mutation particle swarm algorithm: In an D-dimensional search space, label population X, and it is composed of m particles, X=[x1,x2,,xm]. The position of each particle in the search space can be represented by a D-dimensional vector, that is, xi=[xi1,xi2,,xiD]. D is the number of parameters to be optimized, and the moving speed of i-th particle is vi=[vi1,vi2,,viD]. The local extremum of particles is pi=[pi1,pi2,,piD]; the global extremum of the population is G1=[g1,g2,,gD], and the sub-global optimal value is G2=[g'1,g'2,,g'D]. The maximum individual optimal algebra is maxAge, and the mutation probability isq. In order to prevent particles from falling into the local optimum, it is necessary to record the individual optimal maintaining algebra of the particles during the iteration process. When the individual optimal maintaining algebra does not reach maxAge, each particle updates the position of the next generation by individual local extreme value and global extreme value. The formula is updated as:

6
vin+1=ωvin+c1ηpi-xin+c2ηG1-xin,
7
xin+1=xin+vin+1.

In the formula, ω is the inertia weight; η is a random number between [0, 1]; c1 and c2 are the learning factors respectively that represent the local search ability and the global search ability; n is the number of iterations, and vi, pi, G1 and xi are D-dimensional vectors respectively. The determination of the inertia weight ω of the current number of iterations adopts the linear decreasing weight method proposed by Shi [34], and the formula is as follows:

8
ω=ωmax-ωmax-ωminnnmax.

In the formula, ωmax and ωmin are the maximum and minimum inertia weights; n is the current number of iterations, and nmax is the defined maximum number of iterations. When the individual optimal retention algebra reaches maxAge, the genetic mutation operation is used to update the position and velocity of the particle to make it jump out of the local optimal. Selection of fitness function for genetic mutation particle swarm optimization algorithm: In the parameter optimization, the evaluation criterion of the decomposition effect of VMD method uses the concept of envelope entropy Ep proposed by Tang Gui-ji et al. [35]. The envelope entropy of x(j) time signal c of length N is defined as:

9
Ep=-j=1Npjlogpj, pj=aj/j=1Naj.

In the formula, a(j) is the envelope signal of x(j) after Hilbert demodulation, and j=1,2,,N. pj is the result of normalizing a(j). Normalization not only avoids the influence of different envelope amplitudes of IMF components, but also reduces the interference of weak noise. Ep is obtained according to the information entropy calculation rules. This article measures the decomposition effect of VMD according to Ep.

The VMD method is used to decompose the BPF filtered oscillation signal. When the component contains more noise, the sparseness of the component signal is weak and the envelope entropy is large. On the contrary, when a regular oscillation signal appears in the component, the signal will have strong sparseness, and the calculated envelope entropy is small at this time. Therefore, under the influence of parameter α, the minimum entropy Ep of the K components is selected as the local minimum entropy minEp. The component corresponding to the minimum entropy value contains rich feature information. The local minimum entropy is used as part of the fitness function of the entire search process to find the parameter α0 corresponding to the global optimal component. Through the above analysis of parameter α, a proper α will reduce the iterations of VMD, that is, the VMD method has a high decomposition efficiency. Therefore, it is necessary to achieve the highest decomposition efficiency in the case of the best decomposition effect. This article builds the fitness function based on minEp, add time (iterations) as follows minF=minEp+βtime, where β is the quantization factor of the fitness function.

In this paper, the number of modal components K and penalty factor A in VMD decomposition are set as model hyper parameters. In the process of VMD optimization by PSO, the number of particle is set as 30, and the maximum number of iterations is set as 500.The learning factor is set as c1=c2= 2; the velocity inertia factor is set as w= 0.8, and the velocity coefficient is setas λ= 1. The maximum and minimum inertia weights are set as ωmax= 0.9 and ωmin= 0.1 respectively, and the quantization factor of the fitness function is set as β= 1/1000. The parameter optimization process based on genetic mutation particle swarm optimization algorithm is shown in Fig. 2.

Fig. 2Parameter optimization process based on genetic mulation particle swarm optimization

Parameter optimization process based on genetic mulation particle swarm optimization

The BPF signal is decomposed by improved VMD to obtain the oscillation mode un(t) extracted by VMD. When the accuracy of BPF and VMD is high enough, for modal signal un(t), there is un(t)yn(t).

Therefore, through BPF and IVMD, all oscillation modal signals can be separated from the original signal. The convergence process of VMD optimization using PSO is shown in Fig. 3.

Fig. 3Convergence process of fitness function in VMD optimization by PSO

Convergence process of fitness function in VMD optimization by PSO

3.3. VMD-HTLS algorithm for frequency and attenuation factor

After the modal signals un(t) are obtained by the IVMD decomposition, the HTLS algorithm is used to identify the modal parameters, such as the oscillation frequency and attenuation factor. HTLS algorithm is a subspace rotation invariant method, which has high computing efficiency and strong anti-noise ability. Its calculation steps are described in [29]. The main idea is to construct a Hankel matrix using the sampled signal, and perform Vander Mang decomposition on it. Using the translation-invariant characteristic of the van der Mun matrix to construct the equivalent relationship, and the eigenvalues of the oscillating modes are obtained. The main idea of IVMD-HTLS is: IVMD is used to decompose the BPF filtered sequence, and then the HTLS algorithm is used to calculate the oscillation frequency and attenuation factor for each component after decomposition. Because the FOMC-HTLS algorithm cannot give the amplitude and phase of the original signal yn, and the information of each mode is incomplete. It is not conducive to the reconstruction of the signal and the quantitative evaluation of the algorithm. Therefore, this paper introduces the Adaline God network to oscillate modal information (Amplitude and Phase).

3.4. Adaline neural network solves amplitude and phase

3.4.1. Adaptive linear neural network

Adaptive linear (Adaline) neural network is a neuron model proposed originally by Widrow and Hoff [36]. It is widely used in signal processing and other fields.

Fig. 4The principle of adaptive linear neural network

The principle of adaptive linear neural network

In Fig. 4, x1k, x2k,⋯, xnk are the n input signals of the adaptive linear neural network at timek.The input signal vector form is expressed as Xik=[x1k,x2k,,xnk]T, and this is often called the input pattern vector of Adaline neural network. The weight vector corresponding to each group of input signals is Wik=[w1k,w2k,,wnk]T. The Adaline neural network output is:

10
y^k=XikTWik.

Let A be the ideal response signal, and define the error function as:

11
ek=yk-y^k.

The working process of Adaline neural network is as follows [36]: the ideal response signal y(k) is compared with the output signal y^(k) of the neural network to obtain different e(k). Feede(k)into the learning rules, and adjust the weight vector according to the learning rules to make y^(k) and y(k) consistent.

The learning rule of Adaline neural network is Widrow-Hoff rule, which is the least square error algorithm (LMS). The rule weight vector adjustment expression is:

Wi(k+1)=Wi(k+1)+ηekXik+1.

In the formula, η is the learning rate of the Adaline neural network, η(0,1). Its value directly affects the weight vector adjustment accuracy and the convergence velocity.

3.4.2. Solution of oscillation modes by Adaline neural network

The specific steps of Adaline neural network to solve the amplitude and phase are as follows, and a known low-frequency oscillation discrete sampling signal model is established:

12
xn=i=1MAieαinΔtcos2πfinΔt+θi, n=0,1,2,,N-1.

When the attenuation factor and frequency are known, Eq. (12) can be written as:

13
x(n)=i=1M[AieαinΔtcos(2πfinΔt)cosθi-AieαinΔtsin(2πfinΔt)sinθi]
=i=1M[AicosθieαinΔtcos(2πfinΔt)-AisinθieαinΔtsin(2πfinΔt)]
=i=1M[pieαinΔtcos(2πfinΔt)-qieαinΔtsin(2πfinΔt)].

In the formula, pi=Aicosθi and qi=Aisinθi. The matrix expression of Eq. (13) is:

14
x=pC-qS.

Among them:

p=p1,p2,,pQ, q=q1,q2,,qQ,
C=cos(2πf1Δt)cos(2πf12Δt)cos(2πf1NΔt)cos(2πf2Δt)cos(2πf22Δt)cos(2πf2NΔt)cos(2πfQΔt)cos(2πfQ2Δt)cos(2πfQNΔt),
S=sin(2πf1Δt)sin(2πf12Δt)sin(2πf1NΔt)sin(2πf2Δt)sin(2πf22Δt)sin(2πf2NΔt)sin(2πfQΔt)sin(2πfQ2Δt)sin(2πfQNΔt).

Similarly, define the error function:

15
en=xn-x^n.

In the formula, x(n) is the actual sample, and x^(n) is the output of the neural network. Define the performance indicators as:

16
J=12n=0N-1e2(n).

Because the attenuation factor and frequency are known, p and q are unknown in Eq. (14), C and S are the input vectors of the neural network. According to the training principle of the steepest descent method, the weight vectors p and q are adjusted to:

17
pn+1=pn-ηJpn=pn+ηekCT,
18
qn+1=qn-ηJqn=qn+ηekST.

When the Adaline neural network training is completed, the amplitude and phase of the oscillation mode are solved from the obtained weight vector and Eq. (19):

19
Ai=pn2(i)+qn2(i),θi=arctanqn(i)pn(i).

In this paper, the number of neurons in Adaline neural network is equal to the number K of modal components after VMD decomposition. The activation function of neurons is a constant function, that is, f= 1. The learning rule is the minimum mean square error (LMS) criterion, and the learning rate η= 0.0015. The maximum number of network iteration is 5000, and the network iteration stops when the error δ satisfies δ< 0.0001.

4. Simulation and analysis of actual examples

4.1. Simulation analysis

In order to verify the effectiveness of the method in this paper, an oscillating signal ytest is constructed by simulation:

ytest=yLFO1+yLFO2+ySSO1+ySSO2+ySurSO+yNoise.

In the formula: yLFO1 is the low-frequency oscillation interval mode;yLFO2 is the low-frequency oscillation local mode; ySSO1 is the sub-synchronous oscillation and paired with the super-synchronous oscillation signal ySurSO; ySSO2 is another independent sub-synchronous oscillation, and yNoise is the white noise. In line with the real situation, the test signal satisfies the following conditions and assumptions: (1) All oscillation frequencies are randomly selected within the frequency band of the oscillation type; (2) Low frequency oscillation is the main mode of oscillation; the amplitude is higher than the sub-synchronous oscillation, and the local mode of low frequency oscillation is higher than the interval mode; (3) In the pair of sub-synchronous and super-synchronous oscillations, the amplitude of sub-synchronous oscillation mode is slightly higher than the super-synchronous mode. Based on the above assumptions, the specific parameters of each mode of the test signal are finally selected as:

yLFO1t=2.35×cos2π×0.65t+π/3, yLFO2t=3×cos2π×2.05t+π/5, ySSO1t=0.58×sin2π×25.56t+π/6,ySSO2t=0.25×sin2π×22.84t+π/4,ySurSOt=0.42×sin2π×92.32t+π/3, yNoiset=0.14×random-1,1.

That is, the test signal ytest contains 5 oscillating signals with different frequencies and a white noise signal with amplitude of 0.16. The frequency band of the test signal oscillation ytest is 0.63-93.42 Hz. Each test signal is equal amplitude oscillation. The time domain form of the test signal ytest is shown in Fig. 5. Using the proposed method after the constructed test signal ytest is extracted by band-pass filtering and IVMD, the oscillation modal signals in each frequency band are shown in Fig. 6. It can be seen from Fig. 6 that the method proposed in this paper can accurately distinguish the modalities of different frequency bands and effectively extract all corresponding modal signals.

Fig. 5Test signal ytest

Test signal ytest

Fig. 6Mode signals extracted by IVMD

Mode signals extracted by IVMD

The modal signals are extracted for each IVMD obtained in Fig. 6, and the modal identification is performed through the HTLS-Adaline algorithm to obtain the parameter information of the corresponding modal. The identification results of this method compared with those of other methods is shown in Table 2. The selected comparison methods are: (1) the classic EMD-based HTLS algorithm (EMD-HTLS); (2) the VMD-based HTLS algorithm (VMD-HTLS); (3) the proposed method is based on the algorithm of IVMD-HTLS and Adaline (IVMD-HTLS-Adaline).

Table 2Mode identification of test signal

Test signal
EMD-HTLS
VMD-HTLS
Proposed method
Modal
Freq
/ Hz
Amp
Phase
/ rad
Fre
Amp
Phase
/ rand
Freq / Hz
Amp
Phase
/ rad
Freq / Hz
Amp
Phase
/ rad
error
yLPO1
0.65
2.35
1.0472
0.6648
2.2517
1.1815
0.6619
2.3841
0.9122
0.6512
2.3492
1.0488
2.029%
15.637%
12.82%
1.044%
5.199%
12.89%
0.264%
0.945%
0.153%
yLPO2
2.05
3.00
0.6283
2.0641
3.1125
0.4868
2.4833
2.0855
0.7318
2.0525
3.0263
0.6338
4.321%
5.670%
22.52%
2.762%
4.775%
16.473%
0.233%
1.315%
0.875%
ySSO1
25.56
0.58
0.5236
26.992
0.6233
0.6670
25.173
0.5922
0.5961
25.612
0.5842
0.5168
5.384%
23.122%
27.38%
2.231%
8.612%
13.846%
0.158%
4.122%
1.299%
ySSO2
22.84
0.25
0.7854
25.237
0.2747
1.0141
22.157
0.2419
0.7741
22.774
0.2484
0.7880
10.13%
15.772%
29.11%
6.002%
5.409%
1.438%
0.487%
0.727%
0.331%
ySurSO
92.32
0.42
1.0472
93.451
0.4438
1.1187
92.259
0.4291
1.0482
1.104%
7.437%
6.828%
0.215%
2.843%
0.096%

It can be seen from Table 2 that when the test signal oscillates in multiple frequency bands, the proposed method can effectively identify all oscillation modes. The maximum error of the oscillation frequency identification result is 1.55 %, with an average error of 0.67 %, and that of the oscillation amplitude identification result is 9.09 %, with an average error of 2.54 %. In comparison, the EMD-HTLS method has the worst frequency identification and amplitude identification results, and the average error is also the highest. The VMD-HTLS method has a good identification effect on the dominant oscillation mode (yLFO2) with the highest amplitude. The frequency and amplitude identification results are close to those of this method, but the phase identification results are not as good as those of this method. For the sub-modes yLFO1 and ySSO1, the VMD-HTLS frequency identification effect is close to the proposed method, but the amplitude and phase identification results are far worse than it. In particular, for mode ySSO2 with low amplitude and high frequency, the recognition results of EEMD-HTLS and VMD-HTLS are poor. For the super-synchronous oscillation mode ySurSO with a frequency of 93.42, the EEMD-HTLS method failed to identify it, and the result of VMD-HTLS is inconsistent with the actual one. Therefore, the method proposed in this paper has obvious advantages in identifying multi-mode coexisting pan-band oscillations.

4.2. Actual study data

In order to prove the effectiveness of the proposed method, the actual oscillation data of Hunan Power Grid was selected and the oscillation mode identification analysis was carried out. The oscillation event is as follows: On June 24, 2018, a low-frequency oscillation occurred in a thermal power plant in Hunan Power Grid. The system started to oscillate at low frequency in the 120th second. After 30 s, the system quickly started to emit an alarm. The system maintained an alarm for about 180 s. In 60-120 s before the oscillation, the system has a noise-like oscillation, and the system did not issue an alarm at this time. The range of the oscillation signal and noise-like signal has been marked in the figure. The system sampling frequency is 100 Hz. The oscillation signal at 165-195 s is selected, and the modal identification of this method is adopted. The original signal used for identification is shown in Fig. 7.

It can be seen from Fig. 6 that the amplitude of the oscillation signal is high, and the highest frequency fluctuation exceeds 100 MW, which is higher than 30 % of the system output power. At this time, the signal is affected by a certain degree of noise. For the original oscillation signal data shown in Fig. 7, the modal signals are extracted by the proposed algorithm as shown in Fig. 8. This method decomposes three modes from the oscillation signal data, which are the main modes of the system oscillation. Among the three modes, the first mode has the highest amplitude and is the dominant oscillation mode. The extracted modal signals are linearly superimposed, and the reconstructed signals are shown in Fig. 8.

Fig. 7Original oscillation data used for mode identification

Original oscillation data used for mode identification

Fig. 8Mode signals extracted from the original oscillation data

Mode signals extracted from the original oscillation data

Fig. 9Reconstructed signal based on mode signals from IVMD

Reconstructed signal based on mode signals from IVMD

Comparing Fig. 9 with Fig. 7, it is not difficult to find that the reconstructed signal is basically the same as the original signal waveform. That is, the three modal signals separated cover the main oscillations of the system. The method in this paper can effectively extract all the main oscillation modal signals. Using the Prony algorithm to perform parameter identification on the modal signals in Fig. 6, the information of the main oscillation modes can be obtained. Table 3 compares the results of this method with the MF-Prony and EMD-Prony parameter identification results. It can be seen from the results that for the oscillation signal, both the proposed method MF-Prony or EMD-Prony can identify the mode with the largest amplitude. In the three methods, the MF-Prony frequency identification error is the highest, and the results of this method are similar to the EMD-Prony method. During the severe oscillation, the dominant modal frequency is about 1.48 Hz, and the minor dominant modal frequency is about 2.02 Hz.

Table 3Mode identification result and comparison of original oscillation data

Method
Modal
Frequency / Hz
Amplitude / MW
Damping
Phase / rad
EEMD-HTLS
1
1.44
28.2
–1.18
2.6539
2
1.61
13.7
–1.59
0.2355
3
2.32
8.5
–2.31
2.9813
VMD-HTLS
1
1.48
30.6
–0.52
3.1348
2
1.51
16.3
–1.01
0.1653
3
1.08
8.7
–1.03
2.1981
IVMD-HTLS-Adaline
1
1.48
32.7
–0.94
3.0273
2
2.02
17.9
–1.40
0.0985
3
0.49
3.2
0.18
2.3499

5. Conclusions

A VMD-based method for power system pan-band oscillation signal extraction and modal identification is proposed. This method can effectively extract low-frequency oscillation, sub-synchronous oscillation, and super-synchronous oscillation of multi-type and pan-band oscillations from power system operating data. Based on the oscillation discrimination, modal extraction and parameter identification, the identification results plays an important role in the analysis and control of system dynamic stability, as well as the identification and location of oscillation sources. It is helpful for early warning and timely suppression of system oscillation.

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About this article

Received
12 January 2021
Accepted
24 April 2021
Published
05 November 2021
SUBJECTS
Dynamics and oscillations in electrical and electronics engineering
Keywords
variational mode decomposition
power system
parameter identification
Adaline
oscillation