Published: 30 June 2016

Eigensensitivity of damped system with defective multiple eigenvalues

Pingxin Wang1
Xibei Yang2
1School of Mathematics and Physics, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212003, China
2School of Computer Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212003, China
Corresponding Author:
Xibei Yang
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Abstract

This paper considers the sensitivity of defective multiple eigenvalues of reducible matrix pencil, the average of eigenvalues is proved to be analytic, the derivatives of the average eigenvalues and the corresponding eigenvector matrices are obtained when the generalized eigenvalue is reducible. The sensitivity of defective multiple eigenvalues of a quadratic eigenvalue problem dependent on several parameters are also obtained by the result of generalized eigenvalue problem. The results are useful for investigating structural optimal design, model updating and structural damage detection.

1. Introduction

Matrix eigensensitivity analysis has extensive applications in some engineering applications, for example, structural optimal design [1, 2], model updating [3, 4] and structural damage detection [5]. For example, in sensitivity-based finite element (FE) model updating, the eigensolutions of the analytical model serve to construct the objective function, and the eigensensitivities represent a linearized estimate of the change in the eigenvalues and eigenvectors due to perturbations of the elemental parameters of the FE model. As a result, the study of the variation of the eigenvalues and eigenvectors due to variations in the system parameters, or more precisely the sensitivity of eigensolutions, has emerged as an important area of research.

Most of the early theoretical works, such as [6-10], were concentrated on existence of derivatives of simple eigenvalues and their corresponding eigenvectors of a matrix or matrix pencil. However, in problems such as those of dynamics of symmetric structures, the corresponding matrices can have repeated eigenvalues. The sensitivity analysis of multiple eigenvalues and associated invariant subspaces of a matrix or matrix pencil have been investigated by many researchers [11-15]. More generally, Andrew et al. [16] discussed the existence of derivatives of eigenvalues and corresponding eigenvectors of an analytic matrix-valued function, which includes the quadratic eigenvalue problem considered here as a special case.

In practical numerical computation, a number of methods for the eigenpair derivatives have been developed [17-35], but most of the results are under the condition that the eigenvalues are simple or repeated eignvalues with well-separated derivatives. The requirement that the repeated eigenvalues must have well-separated derivatives was relaxed in Andrew and Tan [36]. The sensitivity of multiple eigenpairs of the quadratic eigenvalue problem are considered in [37-41]. Li et al. [42] showed that the undamped viscously or nonviscously damped eigenproblems can be considered as a degenerated case of general nonlinear eigenproblems and developed an unified eigensensitivity method for both distinct and repeated eigenvalues. Recently Qian et al. [43] extended the methods of [36] for generalized eigenvalue problem to quadratic eigenvalue problem, and proposed numerical methods for computing first and higher order derivatives of multiple eigenpairs of quadratic eigenvalue problem, and obtained a particular solution to the governing equation of the derivatives of eigenvectors by using the QR decomposition or SVD. Some of the existing works on sensitivity of eigensolutions of quadratic eigenvalue problem are reviewed by Adhikari in [44, 45].

Unfortunately, most of the works of sensitivity analysis of repeated eigenvalues and their corresponding eigenvectors are concentrated on non-defective matrices, although some results of a matrix are available in [14]. This paper aims at developing a method for sensitivity calculation of a defective repeated eigenpairs of generalized eigenvalue and quadratic eigenproblems. The remainder of this paper is arranged as follows. In Section 2, the sensitivity of defective multiple eigenvalues of generalized eigenvalue problem are derived. In Section 3, we focus on dealing with Sensitivity of defective multiple eigenvalues of quadratic eigenvalue problem, and derive the derivatives of the average eigenvalues and the corresponding eigenvector matrices. In Section 4, one example is performed for illustrative purpose. Finally, we make some concluding remarks in Section 5.

Throughout this paper we use the following notation. Cm×n denotes the set of complex matrices, Cn=Cn×1, C=C1. In is the identity matrix of order n, diaga1,,an stands for the diagonal matrix with diagonal elements a1,…, an. AT denotes the transpose of a matrix A. If A=aijCm×n,B=bijCm×n, then AB=(aijB)Cmn×mn denotes the Kronecker product of matrix A and B.

2. Sensitivity of defective eigenpairs of reducible generalized eigenvalue problem

Suppose that L is an open set of CN, p=p1,,pNL, Ap, BpCn×n are analytic matrix-valued functions in some neighborhood (p*)of the point p*L. Without loss of generality we may assume that the point p* is the origin of CN. In this section we study sensitivity analysis of the following generalized eigenvalue problem:

1
Apxp=λpBpxp, λpC, xpCn, p0.

Except where stated otherwise, we consider the case in which:

(i) Ap,Bp is a reducible matrix pencil for p(0), i.e., Bp is invertible.

(ii) Eq. (1) has an eigenvalue λ1 with multiplicity r> 1 when p= 0 and λ1 is a defective multiple eigenvalue of the matrix pencil A0,B0.

Before giving the main result, we cite some related lemmas.

Lemma 1. [46] Let A, BCn×n and suppose A,B is a regular matrix pencil, then there exist invertible matrices P, QCn×n, such that:

PAQ=J00In2, PBQ=In100N,

where:

J=diagJ1λ1,,JrλrCn1×n1, λiλj ij, 1i, jr,
Ji(λi)=diag(Ji1(λi),,Ji(ki)(λi))Cn(λi)×n(λi),
Ji(k)λi=λi11λiCnkλi×nkλi, 1kki, 1ir,
k=1kinkλi=nλi, 1ir, i=1rn(λi)=n1,
N=diagNl1,, NlsCn2×n2, Nlj=0110Clj×lj, 1js,
j=1slj=n2, n1+n2=n.

Lemma 2. [14] Let A(p)Cn×n be an analytic matrix-valued function in some neighborhood (0) of the origin, λ1 is r multiple defective eigenvalue of A0, i.e., there exist invertible matrices X=(X1,X2)Cn×n, Y=(Y1,Y2)Cn×n, X1, Y1,Cn×r, such that:

YHA0X=A100A2, YHX=Ir, λA1=λ1, λA1λA2=.

Then there exist a neighborhood of the origin 1(0) and analytic matrix-valued functions X1(p), Y1(p)C rn×r, A1(p)C r×r on 1(0) which satisfy:

1) A(p)X1(p)=X1(p)A1(p), Y 1H(p)A(p)=A1(p)Y 1H(p), Y1H(p)X(p)=Ir.

2) A1(0)=A1, X1(0)=X1, Y1(0)=Y1.

3) Define λaver=tr(A1(p))/r, then λaver is analytic on 1(0) and:

λ aver (0)p i =1rtrY1HA0piX1.

4) X1(0)pi=X2Θ1-1Y2HA0piX1, Y1H(0)pi=Θ2-1Y1HA0piX2Y 2H, where:

Θ1(V)=VA1-A2V,Θ2(V)=A1V-VA2,

when λ(A1)λ(A2)=, Θ1(V), Θ2(V) is invertible.

Theorem 1. Let p=(p1,p2,,pN)CN, (0) be a neighborhood of the origin of CN, Ap, BpCn×n be analytic on (0). Assume that Bp is invertible on (0) and λ1 is a defective multiple eigenvalue of Eq. (1) at the origin with multiplicity r (r> 1). By Lemma 1 there exist invertible matrices X=(X1,X2)Cn×n, Y=(Y1,Y2)Cn×n, X1, Y1,Cn×r, such that:

YHA0X=A100A2, YHB(0)X=In,

where A1Cr×r, A2C(n-r)×(n-r), λ(A1)λ(A2)=. Then there exist a neighborhood of the origin 1(0) and analytic matrix-valued functions X1(p), Y1(p)C rn×r, A1(p)C r×r on 1(0) which satisfy:

1) A(p)X1(p)=B(p)X1(p)A1(p), Y 1H(p)A(p)=A1(p)Y 1H(p)B(p);

2) A1(0)=A1, X1(0)=X1, Y1(0)=Y1;

3) Define λaver=tr(A1(p))/r, then λaver is analytic on 1(0) and:

λ aver (0)p i =1rtrY1HA0piX1-Y1HB0piX1A1;

4) X1(0)pi=X2Θ1-1Y2HA0piX1-Y2HB0piX1A1,

Y1H(0)pi=Θ2-1Y1HA0piX2-Y1HB0piX2Y 2H-Y1HB0piB-10,

where Θ1(V)=VA1-A2V, Θ2(V)=A1V-VA2, (when λ(A1)λ(A2)=, Θ1(V),Θ2(V) is invertible).

Proof. Let C(p)=B-1(p)A(p), then Eq. (1) is equivalent to the following equation:

2
Cpxp=λpxp, λpC, xpCn, p0.

Let Y~1H=Y1HB(0), Y~2H=Y2HB(0), Y~ H=(Y~1H,Y~2H), then Y~1H satisfies:

Y~1HC0X=A100A2, Y~1HX=In.

According to Lemma 2, there exist a neighborhood of the origin 10 and analytic matrix-valued functions X1(p), Y1(p)C rn×r, A1(p)C r×r on 10 which satisfy Eqs. (3)-(6):

3
CpX1p=X1pA1p, Y~ 1HpCp=A1pY~ 1Hp, Y~1HpXp=Ir,
4
A10=A1, X10=X1, Y10=Y1.

λaver=tr(A1(p))/r is analytic on 10 and:

5
λ aver (0)p i =1rtrY~1HC0piX1,
6
X1(0)pi=X2Θ1-1Y~2HC0piX1, Y1H0pi=Θ2-1Y~1HC0piX2Y~ 2H,

where Θ1(V)=VA1-A2V, Θ2(V)=A1V-VA2, (when λ(A1)λ(A2)=, Θ1(V), Θ2(V) is invertible).

Let Y1H(p)=Y~1H(p)B-1(P), from Eq. (3), we have:

ApX1p=BpX1pA1p, Y 1HpAp=A1pY 1HpBp,

and A1(0)=A1, X1(0)=X1, Y1(0)=Y1, then we get Eqs. (1), (2) of the Theorem 1.

Because Eq. (1) is equivalent to the Eq. (2), the eigenvalues of Eq. (1) is same with Eq. (2), then the average of eigenvalues of Eq. (1) equals to the average of eigenvalues of Eq. (2). From Eq. (5), λaver=tr(A1(p))/r is analytic on 10 and:

λ aver (0)p i =1rtrY~1HC0piX1=1rtrY1HB0B-10A0pi-B0piC0X1
=1rtrY1HA0pi-B0piB-10A0X1=1rtrY1HA0piX1-Y1HB0piX1A1.

From Eq. (6), we get the derivatives of right generalized eigenvectors matrices of Eq. (1):

X1(0)pi=X2Θ1-1Y~2HC0piX1=X2Θ1-1Y2HB0B-10A0pi-B0piC0X1
=X2Θ1-1Y2HA0pi-B0piB-10A0X1
=X2Θ1-1Y2HA0piX1-Y2HB0piX1A1.

According to:

Y~1H(0)pi=Θ2-1Y~1HC0piX2Y~ 2H
=Θ2-1Y1HB0B-10A0pi-B0piC0X2Y 2HB0
=Θ2-1Y1HA0piX2-Y1HB0piX2A2Y 2HB0,

and Y~1H(p)=Y1H(p)B(P), we get the derivatives of left generalized eigenvectors matrices of Eq. (1):

Y1H(0)pi=Y~1H0piB-10-Y1HB0piB-10
=Θ2-1Y1HA0piX2-Y1HB0piX2A2Y 2H-Y1HB0piB-10.

So the proof of the Theorem 1 is completed.

3. Sensitivity of defective eigenpairs of quadratic eigenvalue problem

In this section we study sensitivity of the following quadratic eigenvalue problem:

7
λ2pMp+λpCp+Kpup=0, λpC, xpCn, p0,

where p=(p1,p2,,pN)CN, Mp, Kp, CpCn×n are analytic matrix-valued functions in some neighborhood (p*) of the point p* and Mp is invertible. Without loss of generality we may assume that the point p* is the origin of CN.

Lemma 3 [38]. Suppose M, C, KCn×n and M is invertible, let:

A=-K00M, B=CMM0.

Then, we have:

1) Quadratic eigenvalue problem Eq. (7) is equivalent to generalized eigenvalue problem Ax=λBx, where xH=[uH,λuH].

2) Suppose λ is the eigenvalue of Eq. (7), the columns of U, VCn×r are the corresponding right eigenvectors and left eigenvectors of λ, let XH=[UH,λUH], YH=[VH,λVH], then:

AX=λBX,YHA=λYHB, YHBX=VH2λM+CU.

3) If U1C rn×r, D1C r×rsatisfy MU1D12+CU1D1+KU1=0, then λ(D1)λ(M,C,K).

Theorem 2. Suppose M, C, KCn×n and M is invertible. If λ1 is a defective multiple eigenvalues of Eq. (7) with multiplicity r. Then there exist:

U=U1,U2C n×2n, V=V1,V2C n×2n, U1,V1C rn×r,
A1C r×r, A2C 2n-r×2n-r,

such that U1, V1 are right and left eigenvector matrices corresponding to eigenvalues matrix A1 respectively, U2, V2 are right and left eigenvector matrices corresponding to eigenvalues matrix A2 respectively. Moreover:

V1HCU1+A1V1HMU1+V1HMU1A1=Ir,
V2HCU2+A2V2HMU2+V2HMU2A2=I2n-r,
λA1=λ1, λ1λA2.

Proof. Since λ1 is a defective multiple eigenvalues of Eq. (7) with multiplicity r, from Lemma 3, λ1 is also a defective multiple eigenvalues of Ax=λBx, where:

A=-K00M, B=CMM0.

By Lemma 1, there exists X=(X1,X2), Y=(Y1,Y2), X1, Y1C2n×r such that:

8
YHAX=A100A2, YHBX=I2n, λ1λA2.

From Eq. (8) we get:

9
AX1=BX1A1, Y1HA=A1Y1HB,
10
AX2=BX2A2, Y2HA=A2Y2HB,
11
Y1HBX1=Ir, Y2HBX2=I2n-r.

Let Ui=[In,0]Xi, Vi=In,0Yi (i= 1, 2), from Eq. (9) we have:

12
X1H=U1H,A1HU1H, Y1H=V1H,A1 V1H,
13
MU1A12+CU1A1+KU1=0, A12V1HM+A1V1HC+V1HK=0.

From Eq. (10) we get:

14
X2H=U2H,A2HU2H, Y2H=V2H,A2 V2H,
15
MU2A22+CU2A2+KU2=0, A22V2HM+A2V2HC+V2HK=0.

Thus U1 and V1 are right and left eigenvector matrices corresponding to eigenvalues matrix A1 respectively, U2 and V2 are right and left eigenvector matrices corresponding to eigenvalues matrix A2 respectively. From Eqs. (11), (12) and (14) we get:

16
V1HCU1+A1V1HMU1+V1HMU1A1=Ir,
17
V2HCU2+A2V2HMU2+V2HMU2A2=I2n-r.

So the proof of the theorem is completed.

Theorem 3. Let p=(p1,p2,,pN)CN, (0) be a neighborhood of the origin of CN, M(p), C(p), K(p)Cn×n be analytic on (0). Assume that M(p) is invertible on (0) and λ1 is a defective multiple eigenvalue of Eq. (7) at the origin with multiplicity r (r> 1), i.e., there exist invertible matrices U=(U1,U2)C n×2n, V=(V1,V2)C n×2n, U1, V1Crn×r, A1C r×r, A2C (2n-r)×(2n-r), such that U1, V1 are right and left eigenvector matrices corresponding to eigenvalues matrix A1 respectively, U2, V2 are right and left eigenvector matrices corresponding to eigenvalues matrix A2 respectively. Moreover:

V1HCU1+A1V1HMU1+V1HMU1A1=Ir,
V2HCU2+A2V2HMU2+V2HMU2A2=I2n-r,
λA1=λ1, λ1λA2.

Then there exist a neighborhood of the origin 1(0) and analytic matrix-valued functions U1(p), V1(p)C rn×r, A1(p)C r×r on 1(0) which satisfy:

1) Μ(p)Υ1(p)Α12(p)+C(p)U1(p)A1(p)+K(p)U1(p)=0,

A12(p)V1H(p)M(p)+A1(p)V1H(p)C(p)+V1H(p)K(p)=0.

2) A1(0)=A1, U1(0)=U1, V1(0)=V1.

3) The average of the eigenvalues λaver=tr(A1(p))/r is analytic on 1(0) and:

λ aver (0)p i =1rtr-V1HM0piU1A12+C0piU1A1+K0piU1.

4) U1(0)pi=U2Θ1-1-V2HM0piU1A12+C0piU1A1+K0piU1 ,

V1H(0)pi=Θ2-1-V1HM0piU2A22+C0piU2A2+K0piU2V 2H-V1HM0piM-10,

where Θ1(V)=VA1-A2V, Θ2(V)=A1V-VA2, (when λ(A1)λ(A2)=, Θ1,Θ2 is invertible).

Proof. Let:

Ap=-Kp00Mp, Bp=CpMpMp0, xp=upλpup,
X=X1,X2, X1H=U1H,A1HU1H, X2H=U2H,A2HU2H,
Y=Y1,Y2, Y1H=V1H,A1 V1H, Y2H=V2H,A2 V2H.

From Lemma 3 and the proof of Theorem 2, Eq. (7) is equivalent to generalized eigenvalue problem A(p)x(p)=λ(p)B(p)x(p), B(p) is invertible, λ1 is a defective multiple eigenvalue of {A(0),B(0)} at the origin with multiplicity r and:

YHA0X=A100A2, YHBX=I2n, λ1λA2.

According to Theorem 1, Then there exist a neighborhood of the origin 1(0) and analytic matrix-valued functions X1(p),Y1(p)C r2n×r,A1(p)C r×r on 1(0) which satisfy Eqs. (18-22):

18
ApX1p=BpX1pA1p, Y 1HpAp=A1pY 1HpBp,
19
A10=A1, X10=X1, Y10=Y1.

The average of the eigenvalues λaver=tr(A1(p))/r is analytic on 1(0) and:

20
λ aver (0)p i =1rtrY1HA0piX1-Y1HB0piX1A1,
21
X1(0)pi=X2Θ1-1Y2HA0piX1-Y2HB0piX1A1,
22
Y1H(0)pi=Θ2-1Y1HA0piX2-Y1HB0piX2Y 2H-Y1HB0piB-10,

where Θ1(V)=VA1-A2V, Θ2(V)=A1V-VA2, (when λ(A1)λ(A2)=, Θ1(V), Θ2(V) is invertible).

Let Ui(p)=[In,0]Xi(p), Vip=In,0Yip, (i= 1, 2), then U1(p), V1(p) is analytic on 1(0). From Eq. (18) we get:

MpU1pA12p+CpU1pA1p+KpU1p=0,
A12pV1HpMp+A1pV1HpCp+V1HpKp=0.

Thus U1(p), V1(p) are the right and left eigenvector matrices corresponding to eigenvalues matrix A1(p) of the Eq. (7) respectively. By Eq. (19), U1(0)=U1, V1(0)=V1, so we get Eqs. (1), (2) of this theorem. By Eq. (20), the average of the eigenvalues λaver=tr(A1(p))/r is analytic on 1(0) and:

λ aver (0)p i =1rtrY1HA0piX1-Y1HB0piX1A1.

Since:

Y1HA(0)piX1-Y1HB(0)piX1A1=(V1,A1V 1H)-K(0)piM(0)piU1U1A1
-(V1,A1V 1H)C(0)piM(0)piM(0)pi0U1U1A1A1
=-V1HM0piU1A12+C0piU1A1+K0piU1.

Then:

λ aver (0)p i =1rtr-V1HM0piU1A12+C0piU1A1+K0piU1,

so we get Eq. (3) of the theorem. According to Eq. (21):

U1(0)pi=U2Θ1-1Y2HA0piX1-Y2HB0piX1A1.

Since:

Y2HA(0)piX1-Y2HB0piX1A1=(V2H,A2V2H)-K(0)piM(0)piU1U1A1
-(V2H,A2V2H)C(0)piM(0)piM(0)pi0U1U1A1A1
=-V2HM0piU1A12+C0piU1A1+K0piU1.

Then:

U1(0)pi=U2Θ1-1-V2HM0piU1A12+C0piU1A1+K0piU1.

Utilizing Eq. (22) and the following equation:

Y1HA(0)piX2-Y1HB(0)piX2=(V1H,A1V1H)-K(0)piM(0)piU2U2A2
-V1H,A1V1HC0piM0piM0pi0U2U2A2A2
=-V1HM0piU2A22+C0piU2A2+K0piU2,

we have:

V1H(0)pi=Θ2-1-V1HM0piU2A22+C0piU2A2+K0piU2V 2H-V1HM0piM-10.

So the proof of the theorem is completed.

4. An example

Let p=(p1,p2), consider the matrix, consider the matrix:

Ap=2p1+p2+1p1+p2+1p12p2p1+1p2p1p20, Bp=1p10010001.

Then:

A0=110010000, Bp=100010001.

The eigenvalue of {A(0),B(0)} is λ= 1 with multiplicity r= 2. The derivatives of the matrices are:

A(0)p1=211010100, B(0)p1=010000000,
A(0)p2=110201010, B(0)p2=000000000.

Let X=I3 and Y=I3, then:

YHA0X=110010001, YHB0X=100010001.

From Theorem 1 we have:

λaver(0)p1=12tr2101-01001101=12tr2001=32,
λaver(0)p2=12tr1120-00001101=12tr1120=12,
X1(0)p1=001Θ1-1(10)=001(1-1)=00001-1,
X1(0)p2=001Θ1-1(01)=001(01)=000001,
X2(0)p1=Θ2-101001-010000=0-11000,
X2(0)p2=Θ2-101001=00-1001.

5. Conclusion

The derivatives of eigenvalues and eigenvectors, which characterize the tendency of variation for frequencies and mode shapes with respect to design parameters, are widely used in many applications. For example, one of the most commonly used methods in damage detection of bridge is vibration test analysis method, whose idea is to discrete bridge by finite element method or finite difference method and convert the dynamic model of the bridge structure to computing the eigensensitivity of a damped system. This paper proposes the theoretical analysis on sensitivity of defective multiple eigenvalues. For generalized eigenvalue problem, the derivatives of the average eigenvalues and the corresponding eigenvector matrices (Theorem 1) are both obtained by the equivalence of generalized eigenvalue problem and standard eigenvalue problem when mass matrix is invertible. For quadratic eigenvalue problem, we can translate quadratic eigenvalue problem into generalized eigenvalue problem, then by the result of generalized eigenvalue problem, the average of eigenvalues is proved to be analytic, the derivatives of the average eigenvalues and the corresponding eigenvector matrices (Theorem 3) are obtained when the mass matrix is invertible.

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About this article

Received
27 December 2015
Accepted
17 February 2016
Published
30 June 2016
SUBJECTS
Modal analysis
Keywords
sensitivity analysis
generalized eigenvalue problem
defective eigenvalues
quadratic eigenvalue problem
Acknowledgements

This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 61503160 and 61572242), and Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China (No. 15KJB110004). The authors are grateful to the referees for their valuable comments and suggestions which helped to improve the presentation of this paper.