Published: 15 February 2015

Vibration characteristics analysis of CLD/plate based on the multi-objective optimization

Dongdong Zhang1
Ling Zheng2
1, 2State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmission, Chongqing University, Chongqing, P. R. China
Corresponding Author:
Ling Zheng
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Abstract

The multi-objective optimization configurations of thickness, the locations of constrained layer damping (CLD) patches for plate are investigated and the vibration characteristics of the CLD/plate are analyzed based on the Pareto optimal solutions. The finite element method, in conjunction with the Golla-Hughes-McTavish (GHM) method, is employed to model the plate with CLD treatments to predict its vibration characteristics. A multi-objective optimization model for CLD/plate is formulated based on the dynamical equation. The design objectives are to maximize the mode loss factors, while the design variables include the thicknesses of viscoelastic material (VEM) and constrained layer material (CLM), the locations of CLD treatments on the plate. Aiming to the special real-integer hybrid variables optimization problems, the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) is employed and improved. Two different optimization strategies are proposed. As the results of the numerical example, the various feasible Pareto optimal solutions are successfully obtained, and effects of the design variables on the vibration characteristics are discussed. The influences of algorithm parameters on the optimization procedure are also investigated. The results show the validity of improved NSGA-II and the optimization strategies. The potential multiple selections of CLD treatments for different vibration control objectives and constrained conditions are also demonstrated.

1. Introduction

Vibration control of flexible structure is a common subject of engineering community. Active Constrained Layer Damping (ACLD) treatment has been used widely for damping the vibration of beams [1, 2], plates [3] and shells [4]. Such a system generally comprises a layer of viscoelastic material (VEM) sandwiched between a host structure and an active cover sheet, such as a piezoelectric layer.

The overall performance of the ACLD system is governed by performance of the passive (open-loop) and the active controls (closed-loop). Thus, the optimization for the ACLD system consists of two parts, specifically, optimum design of the open-loop ACLD system, i.e. CLD system, and the closed-loop system. Optimization for CLD system is essential to enhance the performance of ACLD system. Furthermore, with optimally designed CLD treatments, the performance is guaranteed to be robust even if the active component of the ACLD ceases to operate or fail [5]. In the case of optimum design of CLD system, extensive efforts have been exerted to optimally design CLD treatment subject to space or weight limitations [6-8]. Parametric studies regarding variations in the natural frequencies and the mode damping ratios or loss factors have been implemented. Kung and Singh [9] developed an energy-based approach of multiple constrained layer damping patches. They only investigated the effect of constrained layer damping patches on suppressing vibration of several modes separately. Baz [5] optimized the placement of ACLD patches using the mode strain energy (MSE) method. In this study, the total weight of the damping treatments was taken as the objective function while satisfying constraints imposed on the mode damping ratios. Zheng and Cai [10] employed four different nonlinear optimization methods/algorithms (sub-problem approximation method, the first-order method, sequential quadratic programming (SQP) and genetic algorithm (GA)) to find the optimal locations and lengths of the CLD patches, to minimize displacement amplitude at the middle beam. Al-Ajmi and Bourisli [11] optimized CLD segments’ length using the genetic algorithm (GA). The optimization procedure was only able to identify a distribution of segments for a single mode. Zheng Ling [12] proposed an optimality criterion to find the optimal placement of CLD patches on the cylindrical shell. Li Yinong and Xie Ronglu [13] considered the CLD structure optimization as a topology optimization problem, and the evolutionary structural optimization (ESO) method was employed to find the optimal configuration of the CLD patches. Both papers took the mode loss factors as objective functions. Lepoittevin Grégoire and Kress, Gerald [14] proposed a new arrangement method for enhancement of damping capabilities of segmented CLD treatments, and a mathematical programming method was developed in order to get the optimal arrangement that optimized the mode loss factor. As mentioned above, locations of the CLD patches, thicknesses of the CLD and VEM were optimized, but there is a limitation that all the parameters were rarely taken as the optimal design variables at the same time. Additionally, many of them just took a single objective function to find the optimal configurations of CLD treatments.

In the present work, the objective is to develop a multi-objective optimization procedure for CLD structure with the ability to optimize locations of the CLD patches and thicknesses of the VEM and CLM simultaneously. Furthermore, effect of the parameters on vibration suppression performance can be analyzed based on Pareto optimal solutions set.

This paper is organized in six sections. In section 1, the brief introduction is given. In section 2, the finite element model of the CLD/plate is developed. In section 3, a multi-objective optimization model is established and two optimization strategies are proposed. Locations of CLD patches expressed by positive integers, and thicknesses of VEM and CLM which are presented by positive consequent-real numbers, constitute the hybrid variables. The mode loss factors are served as objective functions, the added-mass and frequency shift are taken as constraint conditions. To obtain the optimal configuration of CLD treatments, the improved NSGA-II (INSGA-II) is proposed and explained in section 4. In section 5, the multi-objective optimization processes for the CLD system are carried out, and the effectiveness of the INSGA-II is verified. The vibration characteristics of CLD system are analyzed for different multi-objective optimization configurations. Furthermore, the influences of algorithm parameters on optimization procedure are also discussed. In section 6, a brief summary of the conclusions is given.

2. Finite element model

Fig. 1 shows a schematic drawing of a cantilever plate treated partially with the constrained layer damping (CLD) treatment. ZN-1 polymer is used as the viscoelastic material (VEM) layer which is boned to the base plate (aluminum). P-5H piezoelectric ceramics patch is selected as the constrained layer (CL) to enhance and control vibration energy dissipation. Their geometric and physical properties are shown in Table 1. It is assumed that shear strains in the constrained layer and base plate are negligible. The transverse displacements of any points on any cross section in the CLD/plate are considered to be the same. Besides, all layers are considered to be boned together perfectly.

Fig. 1The cantilever plate treated with CLD patches

The cantilever plate treated with CLD patches

Table 1Geometrical and physical parameters of ACLD/plate system

Aluminum
P-5H
ZN-1
hb
0.0008 m
hc
0.0005 m
hv
0.001 m
ς1
148.0
Eb
69 GPa
Ec
74.5 GPa
μv
0.3
ς2
12.16
μb
0.3
μc
0.32
ρv
789.5 kg/m3
ς3
810.4
ρb
2800 kg/m3
ρc
7450 kg/m3
G
554200 Pa
ω1
896200
d31, d32
186×10-12 C/N
α1
3.960
ω2
927800
α2
65.69
ω3
761300

2.1. Degrees of freedom and shape functions

The CLD/plate is divided into N elements and a two-dimensional integrated element with four nodes shown in Fig. 2 is considered to model the CLD/plate system. Each node has seven degrees of freedom, including the longitudinal displacements uc and vc of the constrained layer, the longitudinal displacements ub, vb of the base plate, the lateral displacement w of the whole structure, and the slopes w,x, w,y of lateral displacement. The displacement of an arbitrary point in an element can be interpolated using the following polynomials:

1
uc=α1+α2x+α3y+α4xy, vc=α5+α6x+α7y+α8xy,
ub=α9+α10x+α11y+α12xy, vb=α13+α14x+α15y+α16xy,
w=α17+α18x+α19y+α20x2+α21xy+α22y2+α23x3
+α24x2y+α25xy2+α26y3+α27x3y+α28xy3,
w,x=wy, w,y=-wx,

where the constants α={α1 α28} are determined in terms of twenty-eight components of the node displacements vector qe of the ith element. The element displacement vector qe is given by:

2
qe=q1q2q3q4T,

where qi={uci vci ubi vbi wi wi,x wi,y}, for i= 1, 2, 3, 4.

Substituting α expressed by the nodes displacements and the nodes coordinates into Eq. (1), the displacement at any location (x, y) inside the ith element can be described by:

3
uc=i=14siuci, vc=i=14sivci, up=i=14siubi, vp=i=14sivbi,
w=i=14swiwi+swi,xwi,x+swi,ywi,y,

where:

si=141+xxi1+yyi, swi=181+xxi1+yyi2+xxi1-xxi+yyi1-yyi,
swi,x=-yi81+xxi1+yyi21-xxi, swi,y=xi81+xxi21+yyi1-xxi,

are termed as the shape function, and xi, yi are the coordinates of the nodes in the ith element coordinates system. Eq. (3) can be rewritten in the matrix form as:

4
{uc vc ub vb w w,x w,y}T={Suc Svc Sub Svb Sw Sw,x Sw,y}Tqe,

where Suc, Svc, Sub, Svb, Sw, Sw,x, Sw,y are called the shape function for uc, vc, ub, vb, w, w,x, w,y.

The deformation relationship of the CLD patches and the base plate is shown in Fig. 3. Then, the displacements in x-direction and y-direction of the viscoelastic layer (VL) can be formulated as:

5
uv=12uc+ub+hc-hb2wx, vv=12vc+vb+hc-hb2wy.

Fig. 2The CLD element

The CLD element

Fig. 3The deformation relationship

The deformation relationship

And the shear deformation of the VL can be derived as:

6
γx=uc-ubhv+dhvwx, γy=vc-vbhv+dhvwy,

where d=(hb+hc)/2+hv, and hb, hc, hv denote the thickness of the base plate, the constrained layer and the viscoelastic layer respectively.

Hence, the shape functions for the longitudinal displacements uv,vv and the shear deformations γx, γy of the VEM core can be derived as [4]:

7
Suv=12Suc+Sub-hc-hb2Sw,y,
Svv=12Suc+Sub+hc-hb2Sw,x,
Sγx=1hvSuc-Sub-hc+hb2+hvSw,y,
Sγy=1hvSuc-Sub+hc+hb2+hvSwx.

So the displacement vector of the VEM can be expressed as:

8
{uv vv}=SuvSvvqe,
9
γx γy={Sγx Sγy}qe.

2.2. Energies of a CLD/plate system

2.2.1. Potential energies

The potential energies related with the plane stress deformations of the CLD/plate system are expressed as:

10
Ppi=Eihi21-μi2-aa-bbuix2+viy2+2μiuixviy+1-μi2uiy+vix2dxdy,

where i=b, c, v denote the base plate, the constrained layer and the viscoelastic layer, respectively. Ei, μi are Young’s modulus and Passion’s ratio, and hi is the thickness for the three layer in the CLD/plate system, respectively. Substituting Eq. (4) into Eq. (10) for base plate and constrained layer, the Ppi can be obtained as follows:

11
Ppi=12qeThi-aa-bbBpiTDiBpidxdyqe, i=b,c,

where Di is the elastic coefficient matrix with Di11=Di22=Ei/1-μi2,Di12=Di21=Eiui/1-μi2, Di33=Ei/21+μi, and Bpi=SuixSviySuiy+SvixT. So the membrane stiffness matrices for the base plate and the constrained layer can be defined as:

12
kpi=hi-aa-bbBpiTDiBpidxdy.

For viscoelatic layer, the shape functions are related with the thicknesses hb, hc, hv, so the Ppv is also related with these parameters. To investigate conveniently the characteristics what these parameters have effect on, the Ppv from which the hb, hc, hv are factored out is expressed as follows:

13
Ppv=12qeTk1v+k2v+k3v+k4vqe,

where k1v, k2v, k3v, k4v are:

k1v=hvEv41-μv2-aa-bbSuc,x+Sub,x2dxdy
+hvhb-hcEv21-μv2-aa-bbSuc,x+Sub,xSwy,xTdxdy+hvhb-hc2Ev161-μv2-aa-bbSwy,x2dxdy,
k2v=hvEv41-μv2-aa-bbSvc,x+Svb,x2dxdy
+hvhb-hcEv21-μv2-aa-bbSvc,x+Svb,xSwy,xTdxdy+hvhb-hc2Ev161-μv2-aa-bbSwx,y2dxdy,
k3v=hvμvEv21-μv2-aa-bbSuc,x+Sub,xTSvc,y+Svb,ydxdy
+hvhb-hcμvEv41-μv2-aa-bbSwy,xTSvc,y+Svb,ydxdy
+hvhc-hbμvEv41-μv2-aa-bbSuc,x+Sub,xTSwx,ydxdy
-hvhb-hc2μvEv161-μv2-aa-bbSwy,xTSwx,ydxdy,
k4v=hvEv81+μv-aa-bbSuc,y+Sub,y+Svc,x+Svb,x2dxdy
+hvhc-hb2Ev321+μv-aa-bbSwx,x-Swy,y2dxdy
+hvhc-hbEv81+μv-aa-bbSuc,y+Sub,y+Svc,x+Svb,xTSwx,x-Swy,ydxdy.

So the membrane stiffness matrix for viscoelastic layer is obtained as:

14
kpv=k1v+k2v+k3v+k4v.

Furthermore, the potential energies related with the bending deformations of the CLD/plate system are expressed as:

15
Pbi=Eihi3241-μi2-aa-bb2wx22+2wy22+2μi2wx22wy2
+41-μi22wxy2dxdy, i=b,c,v.

Substituting Eq. (4) into Eq. (15), Pbi can be obtained as follows:

16
Pbi==12qeThi312-aa-bbBbiTDiBbidxdyqe, i=b,c,v,

where Bbi=2Swx22Swy222SwxyT. So the bending stiffness matrices for every layer in the CLD/plate system can be defined as:

17
kbi=hi312-aa-bbBbiTDiBbidxdy, i=b,c,v.

For the CLD/plate system, the vibration energy is consumed by the shear deformation of the VEM. The potential energy related with the shear deformations of the VEM is derived as:

18
Psv=12VγxGγx+γyGγydV,

where G is the shear modulus of the VEM. Substituting Eq. (9) into Eq. (18), the Psv, like the potential energy Ppv, can be obtained as follows:

19
Pv3=12qeTk1sv+k2sv+k3svqe,

where k1sv, k2sv, k3sv are:

k1sv=Ghv-aa-bbSub-Suc2+Svb-Svc2dxdy,
k2sv=2Ghvhb+hc2+hv-aa-bbSub-SucSw,yT+Svb-SvcSw,xTdxdy,
k3sv=Ghvhb+hc2+hv2-aa-bbSw,y2+Sw,x2dxdy.

So the shear stiffness matrices for viscoelastic layer is obtained as:

20
ksv=k1sv+k2sv+k3sv.

2.2.2. Kinetic energies

The kinetic energy for each layer of the CLD/plate system is expressed as:

21
Ti=12ρihi-aa-bbuit2+vit2+wt2dxdy,

where i=b, c, v denote the base plate, the constrained layer and the viscoelastic layer, respectively. ρi, hi are density and the thickness for the three layers in the CLD/plate system, respectively. Substituting Eq. (4) into Eq. (21) for base plate and constrained layer, the Ti can be obtained as follows:

22
Ti=12q˙eTρihi-aa-bbSuiTSui+SviTSvi+SwTSwdxdyq˙e.

So the element mass matrices for the base plate and the constrained layer can be defined as:

23
mi=ρihi-aa-bbSuiTSui+SviTSvi+SwTSwdxdy.

For viscoelatic layer, like the stiffness matrix, the element mass matrix can be defined as:

24
mv=m1v+m2v+m3v,

where m1v, m2v, m3v are:

m1v=14hv-aa-bbρvSub+Suc2+Svb+Svc2+4Sw2dxdy,
m2v=12hvhb-hc-aa-bbρvSub+SucSw,yT-Svb+SvcSw,xTdxdy,
m3v=14hvhb-hc2-aa-bbρvSw,x2+Sw,y2dxdy.

2.2.3. Work done by the external force

The virtual work done by the external disturbance is:

25
Wd=qeTFde.

2.3. Equation of motion

Applying the energy method, the equations of motion for an ACLD element can be written as:

26
Meq¨e+Keqe=Fde,

where Me=mb+mc+mv,Ke=kb+kc+kv+ksv,kb=kpb+kbb,kc=kpc+kbc,kv=kpv+kbv.

The frequency- or time-dependent behavior of the visco-elastic material is now modeled by using Golla-Hughes-McTavish (GHM) method [15]. In this approach, the shear modulus of VEM is expressed as a series of ‘mini-osillator’ terms in the Laplace domain:

27
sG~s=G1+kαks2+2ςkωkss2+2ςkωks+ω2,

where the constants αk, ςk and ωk govern the shape of the modulus function over the complex s-domain. A column matrix of dissipation co-ordinates is introduced as follows:

28
z^es=ω2s2+2ςωs+ω2qes.

Considering a three-term GHM expression, Eq. (24) can be rewritten as follows:

29
M^eX¨e+D^eX˙e+K^eXe=F^de,

where each vector and matrix can be expressed as:

M^e=Me0000α1ω12Λ0000α2ω22Λ0000α3ω32Λ, D^e=000002α1ζ1ω12Λ00002α2ζ2ω22Λ00002α3ζ3ω32Λ,
K^e=Gksv(1+k=13αk)+kv-α1R-α2R-α3R-α1RTα1Λ00-α2RT0α2Λ0-α3RT00α3Λ, Xe=qeze, F^de=Fde0,

where ksv=RvΛvRvT, Λ=GΛv, R=RvΛ, ze=RvTz^e, Λv is a diagonal matrix of the positive eigenvalues of matrix ksv, and Rv is the eigenvectors matrix corresponding to the eigenvalues.

The global equations of motion can be obtained via assembling the element mass and stiffness matrices, and the element force vectors, as follows:

30
MX¨+CX˙+KX=Fd.

3. Problem formulations

Most real-world search and optimization problems naturally involve multiple objectives. For the optimization problem of the CLD structures, it requires that several trade-off CLD configurations, using which the selected resonance peaks can be decreased simultaneously, can be obtained. Thus, it can be considered as a multi-objective optimization problem. The standard form of the multi-objective optimization problem for CLD/plate can be described as:

31
max fid, i=1,,n,s.t. gjd0, j=1,,m,

where d is the vector of the design variables.

3.1. Objective functions

Based on Eq. (30), the state space model of the CLD/plate can be derived as follows:

32
x=Ax+Bf, y=Cx.

The complex eigenvalues corresponding to Eq. (32) are expressed as:

33
λiA=αi±jβi,

where αi, βi are the real and imaginary parts of the ith complex eigenvalue, respectively, and j=-1. Here, the loss factor of the ith complex mode are defined as:

34
ζi=-αiβi.

Obviously, the loss factor is larger, the vibration of the structure is decayed more quickly, and the efficiency of vibration suppression becomes better. So, the objective functions used in this study can be stated as follows:

35
max: ζ1,ζ2,,,ζi, i2.

3.2. Design variables and optimization strategies

The parameters of viscoelastic material (VEM) and constrained layer material (CLM) and the locations of the CLD patches are significant on the vibration and damping characteristics of CLD structure. So locations of the CLD patches on the base structure and thicknesses of the VEM and CLM are selected as the design variables, i.e.:

36
d=lihjhk, i=1,,n, j=1,,m, k=1,,s,

where liSl denotes the location of the ith CLD which is expressed by the positive integer, and lilj for ij, n is the number of the CLD. hjSv and hkSc which are expressed by positive continuous real number, are the thicknesses of the VEM and CLM, respectively. m and s are the number of the thickness variables. Thus, the design variable vector contains different variable type, i.e. it is a hybrid variable vector.

Due to the variable vector containing two different types, two optimization strategies are proposed to optimize the CLD/plate structure as follows:

1) Firstly, the locations of the CLD patches are optimized, and then the optimal thicknesses of VEM and CLM are obtained. That is ‘step-by-step optimization’.

2) The locations, the thicknesses of VEM and CLM, which consists of the hybrid variable vector, are optimized simultaneously. That is “integrated optimization”.

3.3. Constraints

Considering design requirements for the engineering structures, the added weight and the shift of the natural frequencies should be in a limited range. i.e.:

37
mmin-ma0,ma-mmax0,fj-fo-c0,

where ma is the added weight when the CLD patches are pasted on the base structure, mmin and mmax are the feasible minimum and maximum added-mass. mmin and mmax can be calculated as:

mmin=αm1×n×ρv×hvmin×a×b+αm1×n×ρc×hcmin×a×b,
mmax=αm2×n×ρv×hvmax×a×b+αm2×n×ρc×hcmax×a×b,

where, αm1 and αm2 are the coefficients, n is the number of CLD patches, ρv and ρc are the densities of VEM and CLM, hvmin and hcmin are the minimums of VEM and CLM, hvmax and hcmax are the maximums of VEM and CLM, a and b are the size of the element. fo and fj are the natural frequencies of the CLD/plate before and after the optimization procedure is carried out.

4. Multi-objective optimization algorithm-improved NSGA-II

For multi-objective optimization for CLD structure, the relationship between the design variables and the objectives is hard to describe by the use of explicit mathematical equations. Meanwhile, the design variables space composes of two different types of design variables: discrete and continuous. Besides, due to the difficulty of characterizing visco-elastic properties of VEM accurately, that makes the optimization problem more complex. As well known, the traditional optimization strategies, such as linear programming algorithm, are powerful to solve single objective optimization problem described by explicit mathematical equations, but difficult to solve the complex multi-objective problem. However, GA is very useful and powerful to deal with such multi-objective optimization problem. In this paper, the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II), which has an excellent robustness, is introduced and improved to solve the hybrid variables multi-objective optimization problem.

The basic flow chart of the NSGA-II algorithm which is proposed by Deb [16], considering the constrained condition, is employed to carry out the optimization shown in Fig. 2. Some basic ideals are explained as follows:

(1) Chromosome representation. In this investigation, to overcome the ‘Hanming Cliff’ in the binary codes, all the values of the design variables are encoded by decimal code that is different from the original NSGA-II algorithm. For simplicity, the chromosome constructions of hybrid variables, objective function value, constraint violation value, the rank value, the crowding distance, are shown in Fig. 3.

(2) Constraint handling. In the multi-optimization problem, the constraint violation is described as:

38
g=mmin-ma+ma-mmax+fj-fo-c.

In the constraint handling approaches, a tournament selection is employed where two solutions are compared at a time, and the following criteria are always enforced [17]:

a) Any feasible solution is preferred to any infeasible solution.

b) Among two feasible solutions, the one having smaller constraint violation is preferred.

c) Among two infeasible solutions, the one having smaller constraint violation is preferred.

(3) Non-dominated sorting. The constrain-domination condition [18] for any two solutions is described as follows:

If a solution di is said to ‘constrain-dominate’ a solution dj, then any of the following conditions are true:

a) Solutions di is feasible and solution dj is not.

b) Solution di and dj are both infeasible, but solution di has a smaller constraint violation.

c) Solution di and dj are feasible and solution dj dominates solution dj in the usual sense.

In the non-dominated sorting procedure, for each solution, two entities will be calculated firstly: 1) domination count nd, the number of solutions which dominate the solution d, and 2) Sd, a set of solutions that the solution d dominates. Then the following procedure [16] is used to carry out the non-dominated sorting.

Step 1: Find all the solutions with the domination count nd being zero, and set these solutions in the first non-dominated front. The rank value for these solutions is set to be one.

Step 2: For each solution d with nd=0, each member q of its set Sd is visited and its domination count is reduced by one.

Step 3: In doing so, if for any member q, the domination count becomes zero, it will be put in a separate set Qd. These members belong to the second non-domination front. The rank value for these solutions is set to be two.

Step 4: The above procedure is continued with each member of Qd and the third front is identified. And the process continues until all fronts are identified.

(4) Crowding distance. The crowding distance of the ith solution (marked with solid circles) in its front which is shown in Fig. 4, is the average side-length of the cuboids (shown by a dashed box). It denotes the diversity distribution of the solution in its front.

Fig. 4Flow chart of the optimization algorithm

Flow chart of the optimization algorithm

(5) The genetic operator

In the standard NSGA-II, simulated binary crossover operator and polynomial mutation operator are served as genetic operators. But they can be used to solve real coded optimization problem. Herein, the new genetic operators are introduced and improved for the special optimization problem of the CLD/plate.

a) The new crossover operator

The Laplace crossover operator which is proposed in [19], is introduced in the NSGA-II to deal with the hybrid/mixed design variables optimization problems. According to the Laplace crossover operator, the two offspring produced by the two parents, xi1, xi2 are computed as:

39
yi1=xi1+αixi1-xi2, yi2=xi2+αixi1-xi2,

where:

αi=a-blogui, ri1/2,a-blogui, ri>1/2,

ui, ri are uniform random numbers between 0 and 1, aR is called location parameter, and b>0 is termed as scale parameter. For integer design variables, b=bint, is usually assigned to be an integer, otherwise, b=breal is set to be a positive real value below 1. For smaller value of b, offspring are expected to be produced near the parents, and for lager b, offspring are likely to be produced far from parents.

Because two or more CLD patches can not be bonded on the same location on the base plate, i.e., lilj for ij, the procedure of the original crossover operator will be modified. Based on the smallest distance principle, the crossover operator will be carried out for every pair variables denoting the locations of CLD patches in the parent. The procedure is expressed as follows:

Step 1: The crossover operator is carried out for the first pair variables l1p1 and l1p2 in the parent and the first two offspring are got as follows:

40
l1p1 l2p1 l3p1 l4p1l1p2 l2p2 l3p2 l4p2 l1c1 0 0 0l1c2 0 0 0 .

Step 2: The range Sl2c1 and Sl2c2 for the second two offspring are updated to:

41
Sl2c1=Sl-l1c1, Sl2c2=Sl-l1c2.

Step 3: The crossover operator is carried out for the first pair variables l2p1 and l2p2 in the parent and the second two offspring are obtained as follows:

42
l1p1 l2p1 l3p1 l4p1l1p2 l2p2 l3p2 l4p2 l1c1 l2c1 0 0l1c2 l2c2 0 0 .

If l1c1l2c1 or l1c2l2c2, then l2c1 and l2c2 will be revised as:

43
l2c1=minSl2c1-l2c1l2c2=minSl2c2-l2c2.

Step 4: Step 2 and Step 3 are continued until the crossover operator is carried out for every integer variable pair.

b) The new mutation operator

The power operator which is proposed in [19], is introduced in the NSGA-II as mutation operator to deal with the hybrid/mixed design variables optimization problems. According to the mutaion operator, the offspring produced by the parents, xim, is generated as:

44
yim=xim-sxim-xil, t<r,xim+sxiu-xim, tr,

where s=(s1)p, s1 is an uniform random number in the range of 0 to 1, p is named as the power distribution index of mutation. p=pint, is usually assigned to be a positive integer for integer design variables, otherwise, p=preal is set to be a positive real value less than 1. For large values of p, more diversity in the solutions is expected, and for small valves of p, less perturbance is achieved. t=(xim-xil)/(xiu-xim), xil, xiu are lower and upper limits of the ith design variable. r is a uniformly distributed random number between 0 and 1.

When the mutation operator is carried out for integer variables, the similar procedure like that of the crossover operator is employed.

(6) Truncation for integer variables. After the crossover and mutation operator are performed, the variables denoting the locations of CLD patches are truncated to integer. The rule is described as follows:

a) if yi is an integer, then li=yi, otherwise;

b) li is equal to either yi or yi+1 each with probability of 0.5, yi is the integer part of yi.

5. Optimization results and discussions

5.1. The cantilever CLD/plate

The cantilever CLD/plate which is divided into 8×4 elements, is shown in Fig. 5. The left side of the plate is clamped. The numbers on the element denote the locations for CLD patches which will be bonded on the base plate, as well as the element numbering. The base plate, with the size of 0.2×0.1 m2, is partly treated with CLD treatments. The main physical parameters of the base plate (Aluminum), viscoelastic layer (ZN-1) and piezoelectric layer (P-5H) are listed in Table 1. In the following optimization procedure, the range of thickness is 0.0005 mh0.002 m. And the point E in Fig. 7 is set to measure the vibration response of the plate.

Fig. 5Chromosome constructions. c denotes the constraint violation value, r denotes the rank value for ith solution, cd denotes the crowding distance of the ith solution

Chromosome constructions. c denotes the constraint violation value, r denotes the rank value for ith solution, cd denotes the crowding distance of the ith solution

Fig. 6The crowding distance calculation

The crowding distance calculation

Fig. 7Finite element partition of the CLD/plate

Finite element partition of the CLD/plate

5.2. “Step-by-step optimization” for CLD/plate

“Step-by-step optimization” for CLD/plate is carried out. Firstly optimal locations of CLD patches for taking the first two mode loss factors maximization as the objective functions are obtained by carrying out the multi-objective optimization procedure using the above improved NSGA-II (INSGA-II). The thicknesses of VEM and CLM are the same as that in Table 1. The number of CLD patches is selected as eight. The genetic parameters bint and pint are set to be 0.5 and 8.

The Pareto front is shown in Fig. 8. It is observed that the Pareto front is a set of points distributing like a curve because of the discrete design variables, and the first mode loss factor increases with the second mode loss factor decreasing. Four different layouts of CLD patches which are illustrated in Fig. 10 are selected to analyze the effectiveness of vibration suppression. For the layout 1 and layout 7, the CLD patches are placed on the locations where the mode strain energy for the first two modes, is maximum, shown in Fig. 11. The result is consistent with that in reference [5]. The frequency responses of base plate and different layouts of CLD patches are plotted in Fig. 9. It is reasonable to believe that: (1) it is very effective to reduce the first two resonances for all the layouts of CLD patches; (2) layout 1 is more effective for suppressing resonance of the first mode; (3) on the contrary, layout 7 is more feasible to control the vibration induced by the disturbance with the second mode frequency; (4) compared to layout 1 and 7, layout 3 and 5 may be the trade-off configurations for CLD patches to reduce the vibration of the first two modes; (5) especially, for layout 5, the control performance is close to that of the layout 1 for the first mode and is close to that of layout 7 for the second mode; (6) compared with the base structure for which the first two mode frequencies are 16.44 Hz and 70.805 Hz, the natural frequencies for CLD/plate are changed a little, but still in an acceptable range.

Fig. 8The Pareto front for locations of CLD patches optimization

The Pareto front for locations of CLD patches optimization

Fig. 9FRFs for different layouts of CLD patches

FRFs for different layouts of CLD patches

Fig. 10The different Pareto optimal layout for CLD patches

The different Pareto optimal layout for CLD patches

a) Layout 1

The different Pareto optimal layout for CLD patches

b) Layout 3

The different Pareto optimal layout for CLD patches

c) Layout 5

The different Pareto optimal layout for CLD patches

d) Layout 7

Then the thicknesses of VEM and CLM for layout 5 are optimized by use of INSGA-II. Here, mass constraint is employed, which is mminmammax, and the coefficients αm1=1.2, αm2=0.8. Furthermore, the frequency constraint is added, in which the frequency shift limitation is set to be about 20 % of the original value for the first mode, and about 10 % for the second mode.

Fig. 12 shows the Pareto front for layout 5 under the two constraints. A series of Pareto optimal configurations of thickness can be obtained when mass constraint is employed, and only a configuration is received when mass and frequency constraints are considered simultaneously. Fig. 13 shows the frequency responses for different configurations of hv and hc. Fig. 14 demonstrates the added-mass and frequency shift for different optimal thickness configurations, and Fig. 15 displays the relationship between optimal thickness of VEM/CLM and the first two modes’ loss factor.

Fig. 11Mode strain energy of the first two modes for CLD/plate

Mode strain energy of the first two modes for CLD/plate

a) Mode 1

Mode strain energy of the first two modes for CLD/plate

b) Mode 2

Fig. 12Pareto front for laytout 5

Pareto front for laytout 5

Fig. 13FRF for different Pareto optimal configurations of hv and hc

FRF for different Pareto optimal configurations of hv and hc

Fig. 14The added-mass and the frequency shift for different optimal configurations

The added-mass and the frequency shift for different optimal configurations
The added-mass and the frequency shift for different optimal configurations

It is apparent that: (1) the mode loss factor is more sensitive to the mode frequency constraint and the first mode loss factor increases with thickness of VEM decreasing, but the second mode loss factor decreases; (2) compared to the original layout 5, the better vibration suppression of the first two modes can be achieved for almost all the configurations of hv and hc, regardless of constraint conditions; (3) the added-mass keeps a constant and the mode frequencies exceed the limitations except for configuration 17; (4) thickness of CLM keeps a constant close to 0.9 mm, and thickness of VEM varies from 0.05 mm to 0.2 mm in general; (5) compared Fig. 13 with Fig. 12, there is a tendency that when thickness of CLM keeps a constant, the natural frequency of the CLD/plate increases with thickness of VEM increasing; (6) there is a special configuration for hv and hc, (hv= 2 mm, hc= 0.56 mm), corresponding to configuration 17, in which the maximum second mode loss factor is obtained.

Fig. 15Relationship between thickness of VEM/ VLM and the first two mode loss factor

Relationship between thickness of VEM/ VLM and the first two mode loss factor
Relationship between thickness of VEM/ VLM and the first two mode loss factor

5.3. Integrated optimization for CLD/plate

The integrated optimization for CLD/plate is carried out. In the procedure, locations of CLD patches and thicknesses of VEM and CLM consist of hybrid variables, and the first two mode loss factors are taken as objective functions. The mass constraint is employed firstly, and then the mass and frequency constraints are considered simultaneously. Optimal variables and objective functions are listed in Table 2 and Table 3. It is very clear that the CLD patches for the first two maximal mode loss factors are bonded on the locations where the mode strain energy is maximal. That is consistent with “step by step optimization”. Fig. 16 displays the Pareto fronts for the two cases. It clearly reveals that the first mode loss factor varies oppositely to the second mode loss factor. A comparison between the fronts shows that the mode loss factor becomes smaller when the frequency constraint is employed, especially for the first mode loss factor. Thus, it can be inferred that the vibration suppression for the first mode is more effective when the mass constraint is considered exclusively.

Fig. 16Pareto fronts for hybrid variables

Pareto fronts for hybrid variables

Fig. 17Relationship of hv/hc and mode loss factor

Relationship of hv/hc and mode loss factor

For consideration of the mass constraint, the locations of CLD patches described in number 4 of Table 2 may be a preferred trade-off configuration. Furthermore, Fig. 17 reveals that when the hv/hc remains around 0.05-0.1, the performance for controlling the first mode of vibration is better and when the hv/hc remains a larger value (greater than 3.6), the performance for controlling the second mode of vibration is better. Considering the mass and frequency constraints simultaneously, it can be seen from Table 3 that thickness of VEM is up to the upper limitation. And the first mode loss factor varies very little except configuration 6, otherwise the second mode loss factor has a large range. So it can be inferred that for vibration control of the first mode, the variation is not obvious except that of configuration 6, but that is contrary for the second mode. That is verified in Fig. 18. Fig. 19 and Fig. 20 display that the added-mass and the mode frequency variation for the above two cases. A comparison between the two cases shows that for the first case, although there will be more configurations of CLD patches and a large mode loss factors range, it will have a larger added-mass and a larger mode frequency variation. Thus, it can be referred the second case may be a better selection in real-world optimization problem.

Table 2The Pareto solutions and objective functions with mass constraint only

Number
Locations of CLD patches
hv (mm)
hc (mm)
1st loss factor
2nd loss factor
1
1, 4, 5, 8, 9, 12, 13, 16
0.05
0. 98
0.077
0.058
2
2, 3, 6, 7, 10, 11, 14, 15
0.05
0. 97
0.076
0.072
3
2, 3, 6, 7, 10, 11, 14, 15
0.05
0. 8
0.072
0.075
4
2, 3, 6, 7, 10, 11, 13, 16
0.06
0.99
0.068
0.079
5
2, 3, 6, 7, 10, 11, 13, 16
0.07
0.94
0.065
0.083
6
2, 3, 6, 7, 10, 11, 13, 16
0. 08
0.94
0.062
0.086
7
2, 3, 6, 7, 10, 11,13, 16
0. 09
1.08
0.061
0.088
8
2, 3, 6, 7, 10, 11,13, 16
0.10
1.08
0.059
0.090
9
2, 3, 6, 7, 10, 11,13, 16
0.11
1.01
0.056
0.091
10
2, 3, 6, 7, 10, 11,13, 16
0.10
1.14
0.055
0.092
11
2, 3, 6, 7, 10, 11,13, 16
0.11
1.14
0.054
0.093
12
2, 3, 6, 7, 10, 11,13, 16
0.12
1.11
0.052
0.094
13
2, 3, 6, 7, 9, 12, 14, 15
2.00
0.50
0.048
0.108
14
2, 3, 6, 7, 9, 12, 13, 16
2.00
0.50
0.043
0.125
15
1, 4, 6, 7, 10, 11, 13, 16
2.00
0.56
0.034
0.129
16
5, 8,10,11, 14, 15, 17, 20
2.00
0.38
0.016
0.143

Table 3The Pareto solutions and objective functions with mass and frequency constraints

Number
Locations of CLD patches
hv (mm)
hc (mm)
1st loss factor
2nd loss factor
1
1, 4, 5, 8, 9, 12, 13, 16
2.00
0. 45
0.050
0.032
2
1, 4, 5, 8, 9, 12, 14, 15
2.00
0. 49
0.049
0.061
3
2, 3, 6, 7, 10, 11, 14, 15
2.00
0. 48
0.048
0.068
4
2, 3, 5, 8, 9, 12, 14, 15
2.00
0.52
0.048
0.082
5
2, 3, 6, 7, 9, 12, 13, 16
2.00
0.54
0.043
0.125
6
5, 8,10,11, 14, 15, 17, 20
2.00
0.27
0.016
0.138

Comparison between ‘step-by-step optimization’ and ‘integrated optimization’ shows that: (1) locations of CLD patches for the two maximal mode loss factors are the same; (2) more optimal CLD patches configurations and larger range of loss factors are obtained using “integrated optimization”, and it means that more feasible configurations of CLD patches can be in a selection list; (3) for controlling the first mode of vibration, the hv/hc should be a smaller value, and for controlling the second mode of vibration, the hv/hc should be a larger one without considering the mode frequency variation; (4) the hv will be up to the upper limitation with considering the added-mass and mode frequency variation simultaneously.

Fig. 18FRF for mass and frequency constraints

FRF for mass and frequency constraints

Fig. 19The added-mass for the two cases

The added-mass for the two cases

Fig. 20Mode frequency variations for different constraints

Mode frequency variations for different constraints

a) The mass constraint only

Mode frequency variations for different constraints

b) The mass and frequency constraints

5.4. Discussions of genetic parameters

Fig. 21 show the relationships between parameters b, p and the variables probability. And the probability denotes that the variables are located in the decreasing ranges (from set 1 to set 6) when the genetic operators are carried out for 10000 times. Based on Fig. 21, b= 0.5 and p= 8 are selected in the precious optimization procedure.

Fig. 21The relationship between parameters b, p and the variables probability

The relationship between parameters b, p and the variables probability

a)

The relationship between parameters b, p and the variables probability

b)

For simplicity, taking the above integrated optimization with mass and frequency constraints as an example, the effect that the crossover probability and mutation probability have on the optimization procedure are analyzed. When crossover probability decreasing (from 0.95 to 0.5) and mutation probability increasing (from 0.05 to 0.5), the convergence procedures are obtained in Fig. 22. It can be seen that the optimization procedure converges well when mutation probabilities are smaller, and fluctuations appear when mutation probabilities are larger. It is noted that the pattern is obtained while optimization procedures for every set are carried out for many times. Besides, when the mutation probabilities are too small, such as 0.05, the best Pareto solutions cannot always be obtained.

When crossover probability is 0.9 and mutation probability is 0.1, the relationships between convergence generations and parameters b, p are discussed, shown in Fig. 23. It is very clearly that: 1) when crossover parameter is smaller than 1, convergence generations vary tinily, 2) when it is more than 1, convergence generation increases greatly, 3) when it is larger than 3 (point P1), the convergence still cannot be obtained while 100 generations are carried out, 4) when mutation parameter p increases, the convergence generations vary tinily due to smaller mutation probability. It is also noted that the pattern is obtained while optimization procedures for every set are carried out many times.

Fig. 22The optimization procedure with different crossover and mutation probabilities

The optimization procedure with different crossover and mutation probabilities

Fig. 23Relationships between b, p and convergence generations

Relationships between b, p and convergence generations

6. Conclusions

In this paper, the multi-objective optimization model of CLD/plate is established based on finite element method (FEM) in conjunction with Golla-Hughes-McTavish (GHM) method. The objectives are to maximize the first two mode loss factors and the design variables are locations of the CLD patches and thicknesses of viscoelastic material (VEM) and constrained layer material (CLM) which consist of hybrid variables. The improved non-dominated genetic algorithm (INSGA-II) is proposed and two different optimization strategies are employed. As results of the optimization, reasonable pareto solutions about CLD configurations are successfully obtained. It is shown that the INSGA-II is very suitable to the multi-objective optimization problem and the optimization strategies are applicable for the CLD treatments structure optimization.

The vibration characteristics of the CLD/plate based on Pareto solutions are discussed. The different reasonable configurations of CLD treatments can be obtained except for some special cases by use of different optimization strategies. The effectiveness of vibration control for different modes depends highly on the ratio of hv/hc and locations of CLD treatments on the Pareto fronts. Furthermore, the optimal configurations of CLD treatments are also sensitive to constraint condition, and different tendencies of parameters of VEM and CLM can be obtained under different constraint conditions. Therefore, the multi-objective optimization will supply different trade-off optimal configurations for CLD treatments structure under different vibration control objective and constraint conditions.

Besides, the influence of genetic parameters on optimization procedure is also discussed. The crossover parameter and mutation parameter can be selected in a large range. Fluctuations in optimization procedure will happen when a larger mutation probability is employed, and premature may occur when a smaller mutation is selected. The crossover parameter has an obvious effect on the optimization procedure.

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About this article

Received
31 May 2014
Accepted
19 November 2014
Published
15 February 2015
SUBJECTS
Vibration generation and control
Keywords
multi-objective optimization
constrained layer damping
vibration characteristics
hybrid variables
NSGA-II
Acknowledgements

This work was supported by Nature Science Foundation of China (No. 50775225), Research Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmission (No. 0301002109165). These financial supports are gratefully acknowledged.